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A New Instrument and Some Clinical Applications

OTTO LOWENSTEIN, M.D.; IRENE E. LOEWENFELD, Ph.D.

AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 1958;59(3):352-363.

	Since this article does not have an abstract, we have provided the first 150 words of the full text PDF and any section headings.

Pupillary reactions have been studied for centuries. Their use in physiological research as indicators of autonomic nervous activity dates back to the 18th century (du Petit, 1727¹), and the interest of physicians, to a much earlier period (Galen). This interest was intensified during the 19th century. Horner's description of the effects of peripheral sympathetic lesions in man (1869³), Argyll Robertson's discovery of the syndrome which bears his name (1869⁴), and numerous other reports on pupillary behavior under normal and pathological conditions stimulated and sustained it.

Unfortunately, accurate observation of pupillary reactions is difficult. The smallness of the pupils, the swiftness of their motions, the impossibility of observing the patient's two eyes simultaneously, and the changes in pupillary behavior under different experimental conditions are some of the factors contributing to this difficulty. For these reasons, many methods of pupillary measurement have been developed in the course of time. . . . [Full Text PDF of this Article]

Author Affiliations
New York

From the Department of Ophthalmology (Laboratory of Pupillography), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and the Institute of Ophthalmology, Presbyterian Hospital.

Footnotes
Received for publication June 7, 1957.

This work was supported by the Harriman Fund and by a grant from the U. S. Public Health Service (Sens. Dis. B-253).

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