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OTTO LOWENSTEIN, M.D.; ISADORE GIVNER, M.D.

Arch Ophthal. 1943;30(5):603-609.

	Since this article does not have an abstract, we have provided the first 150 words of the full text PDF and any section headings.

In 1939 one of us (Lowenstein¹) described a pupillary reflex which he called the "reflex to darkness." In order to elicit this reflex both eyes of the subject tested are adapted to a constant level of illumination in which darkness is a periodic stimulus. Two small lamps separated from each other by a screen (so that the right eye cannot see the left lamp and vice versa) burn continuously for a period of twelve minutes, which is the time necessary for adaptation. The light of one or the other of these lamps is periodically interrupted by a motor interrupter for one second.² During the test the patient fixes on a nonluminous point in the distance. The resulting movements of the pupils are recorded by pupillography.

The reflex to darkness is manifested both directly and consensually. The pupillographic representation of a normal reflex to darkness is shown schematically in . . . [Full Text PDF of this Article]

Author Affiliations
NEW YORK

Pupillographic Studies : IV. From the Neurologic and Ophthalmologic Departments of New York University College of Medicine.

Footnotes
Aided by grants from the Altman Foundation and the Oberlaender Trust.

Read before the New York Society for Clinical Ophthalmology, Nov. 2, 1942.

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