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Expression of  -Crystallin in Retinoblastoma
Satoru Kase, MD;
Jignesh G. Parikh, MD;
Narsing A. Rao, MD
Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(2):187-192.
ABSTRACT
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Objective To examine the expression of  -crystallin, a small heat-shock protein family, and apoptosis in retinal neoplastic cells.
Methods Thirteen enucleated globes were included in this study, 1 with retinocytoma and 12 with retinoblastoma. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections were processed for immunohistochemistry with -crystallin antibodies. Apoptotic cells were detected using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method.
Results In the retinocytoma, A-crystallin was expressed in the cytoplasm of all tumor cells, whereas B-crystallin immunoreactivity was only weakly positive. Apoptotic cells were rarely noted in retinocytoma cells; the apoptotic index was 0.29. Examination of the retinoblastoma globes revealed 6 cases (50%) that were strongly positive for A-crystallin. The mean (SD) apoptotic indices in the strongly and weakly positive cases were 3.55 (2.61) and 7.50 (2.61), respectively. The apoptotic index was significantly higher in those cases that were weakly positive for A-crystallin than in those that were strongly positive (P < .05). No correlation was observed between apoptotic index and B-crystallin immunoreactivity, although 50% of retinoblastomas were strongly positive for B-crystallin.
Conclusions The A- and B-crystallins are expressed in retinoblastomas, and A-crystallin expression may prevent apoptosis of neoplastic cells.
Clinical Relevance Suppression of A-crystallin may be useful in controlling tumor growth.
INTRODUCTION
Crystallins, the major structural proteins of the eye lens, are primarily categorized into 3 distinct families: , β, and  . The two -crystallins, A and B, are the principal members of the small heat-shock protein family, acting as molecular chaperones.1 Although A- and B-crystallins have related amino acid sequences with similar structural properties, they vary significantly in their tissue distribution and have different functions; they protect different proteins and are active under different conditions.2-6 Oxidative stress in general is accompanied by upregulation of the hosts of heat-shock protein, including the -crystallins.7 Rao et al8 demonstrated that photoreceptors selectively upregulate A-crystallin to protect themselves against mitochondrial oxidative stress and stress-mediated apoptosis.
Agents that induce oxidative stress include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and others. The stress can cause cell death, aging, and development of malignancy.9 Hydrogen peroxide is a ubiquitous molecule that is able to diffuse freely into membranes owing to its nonpolar characteristics. It is recently reported10 that expression of -crystallin varies in retinal pigment epithelial cells exposed to H2O2 oxidative stress.
Recent studies show that B-crystallin is expressed in various malignant tumors.11-14 One of the major roles of B-crystallin is to preserve the integrity of mitochondria and restrict the release of cytochrome c,5, 13 subsequently resulting in tumor growth through escape from apoptosis.15 In addition, B-crystallin has been suggested as a novel prognostic factor in malignant solid tumors, including breast,12-13 head, and neck cancers,14 because B-crystallin expression has been correlated with poor patient prognosis.
Retinocytoma is a benign counterpart of retinoblastoma that shows photoreceptor differentiation. Singh et al16 reported that the proportion of retinocytoma in the population with retinoblastoma is 1.8%, suggesting that retinocytoma develops in rare instances rather than as the usual phenotype of retinoblastoma. From a genetic standpoint, retinocytoma is similar to retinoblastoma, with autosomal dominant inheritance involving a mutation in the RB1 gene.17-20 Moreover, malignant transformation of retinocytoma into retinoblastoma is rare, with a frequency of less than 5%.16 Pineda et al21 demonstrated that B-crystallin was expressed in retinoblastoma cells; however, correlation with -crystallin expression and apoptosis in retinocytoma and retinoblastoma has not been not elucidated.
The aim of this study was to examine the expression of -crystallins A and B in retinocytoma and retinoblastoma using immunohistochemistry and to correlate crystallin expression with tumor cell apoptosis.
METHODS
The institutional review board of the University of Southern California approved our use of human specimens obtained from the file of the Doheny Eye Institute Pathology Laboratory. All procedures conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human subjects. We analyzed 1 histologically normal–appearing retina obtained from a patient with ciliary body melanoma, 1 enucleated globe with retinocytoma, and 12 enucleated eyes with retinoblastoma. None of patients had received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy before enucleation of the tumor-containing eye. All eyeballs were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde soon after enucleation.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
The slides were dewaxed, rehydrated, and rinsed in phosphate-buffered saline twice for 10 minutes. As pretreatment, microwave-based antigen retrieval was performed in 10mM citrate buffer (pH, 6.0). These slides were incubated with 3% H2O2 for 10 minutes, then with normal goat serum for 30 minutes. Sections were incubated with antirabbit A- and B-crystallin polyclonal antibodies (1:100 dilution; Stressgen, Ann Arbor, Michigan) at room temperature for 2 hours. Binding of the primary antibody was localized with the fluorescein isothiocyanate–conjugated antirabbit secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, Pennsylvania) for 30 minutes. Negative controls consisted of fluorescein isothiocyanate–conjugated mouse IgG incubated without treatment of the primary antibody. Slides were examined using a Zeiss LSM510 (Zeiss, Thornwood, New York) confocal microscope.
In evaluation of immunohistochemistry, necrotic areas of tumor tissues were excluded based on 4",6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) nuclear staining. In the nonnecrotic viable tumor tissues, the number of immunopositive tumor cells included in the total tumor cells was evaluated using a microscope (objective lens, magnification x20) to examine 3 to 4 fields in the same slide for each specimen. The positive rates counted in each field were then averaged, and the number of immunopositive cells in each case was shown as a percentage of viable tumor cells. Immunoreactivity for -crystallin in tumor tissues was scored as strongly positive (>30% of cells), weakly positive (<30% of cells), or negative (background level staining only), according to the previous report.13
TUNEL ASSAY
Serial sections 5 µm thick were cut for the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay to evaluate distribution of the TUNEL-positive reaction in the same part of immunoreaction with -crystallin. An In Situ Cell Death Detection Fluorescein Kit (Roche, Indianapolis, Indiana) was used for the TUNEL assay. The slides were dewaxed, rehydrated, and rinsed in phosphate-buffered saline twice for 10 minutes. These slides were incubated with 3% H2O2 for 10 minutes, then permeabilized with 20 µg/mL of proteinase K at room temperature for 10 minutes. Texas red label with enzyme solution was added to each slide and incubated in a humidified chamber at 37°C for 1 hour. Deoxyribonuclease-pretreated slides were used as positive controls, and slides without added enzyme were used as negative controls. Apoptotic cells were revealed by confocal microscope (Figure 1). In the nonecrotic viable tumor tissues, at least 300 tumor cells were counted in 3 or 4 fields of the same slide for each specimen using a high-power field. Apoptotic cells were defined by the presence of perinuclear chromatin condensation and apoptotic bodies. The percentage of the apoptotic cells was considered to be the apoptotic index (AI) as previously described.22
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Figure 1. Detection of apoptotic cells in retinoblastoma tissues using confocal microscopy. A, The presence of viable tumor cells (arrows) can be confirmed using 4",6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) nuclear staining. B and C, In viable tumor tissues, apoptotic cells are clearly detected by a red signal (arrows). TUNEL indicates terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling.
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CHEMICALS AND CELLS
The H2O2 was obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, Missouri). The human retinoblastoma cell line Y79 was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Virginia) and grown in RPMI-1640 medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California) with 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin, and 20% fetal bovine serum. The Y79 cells were treated with different concentrations of H2O2 (range, 0µM to 400µM) for 24 hours. The cells were then harvested and protein was extracted.
PROTEIN EXTRACTION FROM FORMALIN-FIXED PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED RETINOBLASTOMA TISSUES
Total tumor proteins were extracted from 2 retinoblastoma cases (cases 7 and 10) using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections, as reported previously.23 Briefly, 5-µm-thick paraffin sections were cut for hematoxylin-eosin staining and 30-µm–thick serial sections were cut for protein extraction and mounted on plain glass slides. To collect tumor tissues, the target areas were cut macroscopically with a razor blade referring to the microscopic observation of the morphology of serial hematoxylin-eosin staining. The dissected tissues were then placed in Eppendorf tubes. Three hundred microliters of ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination (RIPA) buffer (Cell Signaling, Danvers, Massachusets) that included a cocktail of proteinase inhibitors (Sigma, St Louis, Missouri) was added to each tube and the contents were incubated as follows: 0°C for 2 hours; 37°C for 2 hours; 60°C for 2 hours; and 100°C for 20 minutes, followed by incubation at 60°C for 2 hours. After incubation, the tissue lysates were centrifuged at 15 000g for 20 minutes at 4°C. The supernatants were collected to measure protein concentrations and for Western blot analysis.23
WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS
The concentration of extracted proteins from Y79 cultured cells and paraffin-embedded tissues was measured by the Bradford protein assay (Bio-Rad, Richmond, California) with bovine serum albumin as the standard protein. A total of 25 µg of protein was separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) (12.5% Ready Gel; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, California) at 110 V. The protein was then electrotransferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride blotting membrane (Millipore, Bedford, Massachusetts). The membranes were blocked in 5% milk and probed with primary antibodies against A-crystallin (1:500 dilution; Stressgen) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (1:1000 dilution; Millipore, Billerica, Massachusetts) for 2 hours at room temperature. Membranes were washed and incubated with a peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, California) for 1 hour at room temperature. Images were developed by adding enhanced chemiluminescence detection solution (GE Healthcare, Cleveland, Ohio).
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The AI data are presented as mean (standard deviation). Statistical evaluations were performed using the t test. The accepted level of significance for all tests was P < .05.
RESULTS
In the normal-appearing retina, A-crystallin immunoreactivity was predominantly detected in the cytoplasm of photoreceptors (Figure 2A-D). The negative control, in which the respective antibody was omitted, showed no staining in the retina (Figure 2E). Both crystallins were immunopositive in the cytoplasm of lens epithelial cells in all sections examined in this study. In addition, B-crystallin was expressed in the corneal epithelium and endothelium and in the optic nerve head (data not shown).
EXPRESSION OF -CRYSTALLIN IN RETINOCYTOMA
Retinocytoma cells represented a relatively uniform nuclear shape without marked nuclear atypia. Mitotic figures were not observed (Figure 3A). Calcification was partially present in the tumor tissue. A-crystallin was expressed in the cytoplasm of all tumor cells (Figure 3B). In contrast, B-crystallin immunoreactivity was weakly detected in less than 30% of tumor cells (Figure 3C).
EXPRESSION OF -CRYSTALLIN IN RETINOBLASTOMA
Retinoblastoma cells demonstrated a diffuse high cellular population with atypical cells containing prominent and hyperchromatic nuclei (Figure 4A). As summarized in Table 1, 6 retinoblastoma cases (50%) were strongly positive for A-crystallin. The positive reaction was restricted to the cytoplasm of tumor cells (Figure 4A-D, green). Six cases (50%) were also strongly positive for B-crystallin. In these tumors, B-crystallin was homogeneously expressed in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells (Figure 4F-I, green).
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Figure 4. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining (A and F); 4",6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) nuclear staining (B, D, E, F, G, I, J; blue) and immunodetection of A-crystallin (C and D, green) and B-crystallin (H and I; green); and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL)–positive tumor cells (E and J; red [arrow]) in human retinoblastoma. A-D, A-crystallin expression is prominent in the cytoplasm of retinoblastoma cells compared with the normal retina adjacent to the tumor (green) in the representative case. E, TUNEL-positive tumor cells are not detected in the A-crystallin–positive area. F, Undifferentiated retinoblastoma cells show high proliferation with atypical nuclei. H and I, B-crystallin is homogeneously expressed in the cytoplasm of retinoblastoma cells (green). J, Apoptotic tumor cell is observed in the B-crystallin–positive area (arrow).
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Table 1. Clinicopathological Profiles in Retinoblastoma Cases Examined in This Study
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A-CRYSTALLIN EXPRESSION IN PROTEIN EXTRACTED FROM FORMALIN-FIXED PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED RETINOBLASTOMA TISSUES
Coomassie blue staining of the electrophoresed gel showed the extracted proteins, especially those ranging from 10 to 75 kDa, and these appeared well preserved (data not shown). Western blot analysis clearly revealed the expression of A-crystallin in both cases. The expression was stronger in case 7 than in case 10 (Figure 5).
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Figure 5. Hematoxylin-eosin staining (A and B) and Western blot (C) analysis using retinoblastoma proteins from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. A, A 5-µm-thick section shows retinoblastoma before dissection. B, A 30-µm-thick serial section reveals dissection of retinoblastoma tissue. Tumor tissue is excised while noncancerous retina remains. C, Expression of A-crystallin is clearly detected in retinoblastoma tissues. GADPH indicates glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; scale bars, 2 mm.
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INCREASED EXPRESSION OF A-CRYSTALLIN IN Y79 CELLS TREATED WITH H2O2
The A-crystallin expressed in Y79 cells treated with 100µM H2O2 reached maximum expression at 150µM (Figure 6). Expression of A-crystallin was low in Y79 cells exposed to a high concentration of H2O2, but was sustained up to 400µM addition (data not shown). In untreated Y79 cells, A-crystallin protein expression was rarely detected.
DETECTION OF APOPTOTIC CELLS AND CORRELATION WITH -CRYSTALLIN IMMUNOREACTIVITY
Apoptotic cells were rarely detected in retinocytoma; the AI was 0.29% (Figure 3D). On the other hand, the mean AI in retinoblastomas was 5.53. The AIs in cases strongly and weakly positive for A-crystallin were 3.55 (2.61) and 7.50 (2.61), respectively (Table 2). In tumors expressing B-crystallin, the AIs for strongly positive and weakly negative cases were 5.94 (3.80) and 5.12 (2.92), respectively (Table 2). The AI was significantly higher in cases that were weakly positive for A-crystallin than in those that were strongly positive (P < .05); no correlation was observed between B-crystallin immunoreactivity and AI (Table 2). Indeed, as shown in Figure 4, no TUNEL-positive tumor cells were noted in the A-crystallin–positive area (Figure 4E), but TUNEL-positive tumor cells were found in the B-crystallin–positive area (Figure 4J).
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Table 2. Correlation Between -Crystallin Expression and AI in Retinoblastomas
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COMMENT
B-crystallin is frequently expressed in tumor tissues and is known both to preserve the integrity of mitochondria and to restrict the release of cytochrome c5, 11-14 which, in turn, results in resistance to tumor cell apoptosis. In contrast, Rao et al8 have proposed that A-crystallin, rather than B-crystallin, has the more important role in protecting photoreceptor cells from apoptosis in some pathologic conditions. In the current study, all retinocytoma cells were positive for A-crystallin where the number of apoptotic cells was low. Furthermore, immunoreactivity for A-crystallin, but not for B-crystallin, correlated with a low number of apoptotic retinoblastoma cells. These results suggest that A-crystallin may protect retinal tumor cells from the apoptotic process.
The present study demonstrated that A-crystallin was expressed in the photoreceptors of normal retinas and in retinocytoma cells that show clear photoreceptor differentiation. Rao et al8 recently demonstrated selective A-crystallin upregulation in experimental uveitis retina. This crystallin was localized primarily in the photoreceptor inner segments, the site of mitochondrial oxidative stress. They also showed that upregulation of A-crystallin was associated with photoreceptor protection against apoptosis resulting from oxidative stress. In the retina, B-crystallin was not upregulated in this animal model of uveitis, suggesting that the retina may use A-crystallin selectively for protection against stress.
It was previously reported that oxidative stress was high in retinoblastoma cells.24 Such stress might contribute to the high expression of A-crystallin in retinal tumors. This is supported in part by our current in vitro study showing that A-crystallin was upregulated in cultured human retinoblastoma cells exposed to H2O2-related oxidative stress (Figure 6). Together with immunohistopathological results and oxidative stress known to induce apoptosis and to counteract such cell death, it appears that A-crystallin is overexpressed.
Because it is likely that immunofluorescent signals from sections are highly variable depending on uncontrolled subtlety of specimen preparation and fixation, semiquantitative immunohistochemistry may be tricky. To support the data evaluated by immunohistochemistry, we extracted total protein from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections and performed Western blot analysis. As shown in Figure 5, A-crystallin overexpression was clearly detected, supporting the findings of immunohistochemistry. Demonstrated absence of correlation between B-crystallin levels and AI may complement and support the validity of the data noted with A-crystallin.
Based on the inverse correlation with apoptosis in the current study, suppression of A-crystallin expression, rather than B-crystallin, may be useful in controlling tumor growth. This novel observation reveals the necessity of future studies that include upregulation of A-crystallin in a retinoblastoma animal model as the next step. Antisense or nucleotide-based anti–A-crystallin therapies may be tried to inhibit A-crystallin expression in retinoblastoma, similar to the reported molecular approach of B-crystallin suppression for treatment of various systemic cancers.25
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Narsing A. Rao, MD, Doheny Eye Institute, 1450 San Pablo St, DRVC 211, Los Angeles, CA 90033 (nrao{at}usc.edu).
Submitted for Publication: March 13, 2008; final revision received July 8, 2008; accepted August 18, 2008.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Funding/Support: This study was supported by grants EY015714 and EY03040 from the Institutes of Health and by an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness.
Author Affiliations: Doheny Eye Institute, Doheny Vision Research Center 211 (Drs Kase, Parikh, and Rao) and the Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (Dr Rao).
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