 |
|
Prospective Long-term Evaluation of the Efficacy, Safety, and Stability of the Phakic Intraocular Lens for High Myopia
Ruwan A. Silva, MPhil;
Atul Jain, MD;
Edward E. Manche, MD
Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(6):775-781.
ABSTRACT
| |
Objective To evaluate the safety, efficacy, predictability, and long-term stability of the Artisan Phakic Intraocular Lens (Ophtec BV, Groningen, the Netherlands) for the correction of high myopia.
Methods Prospective analysis of 26 eyes from 15 patients who underwent placement of the Artisan lens for the correction of high and extreme myopia. The mean (SD) preoperative spherical equivalent was – 12.30 (2.69) diopters (D) (range, – 17.25 to – 8.25 D).
Results At 5 years, the mean (SD) manifest refraction was – 0.37 (0.69) D, with 95% of eyes within 1 D of attempted correction and 74% of eyes within 0.5 D of the attempted correction. Ninety-five percent of eyes achieved an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better and 74% achieved an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/20 or better. No eyes experienced a loss of 1 or more lines of best-corrected visual acuity. Sixteen percent of eyes gained 2 or more lines of best-corrected visual acuity. From preoperative measurements, the mean endothelial cell density decreased by 14.05% at 5 years postoperatively.
Conclusions Placement of the Artisan lens is predictable, stable, and effective at reducing high and extreme myopia 5 years after implantation. The rate of endothelial cell loss was significantly higher than has been reported in previous studies.
INTRODUCTION
The prevalence of myopia has been estimated at 25% with increasing trends toward surgical correction. The most widespread surgical procedure for the correction of myopia has been laser in situ keratomileusis.1-2 Laser in situ keratomileusis has been shown to be safe and effective for the surgical correction of myopia, but it carries a number of potential limitations in the treatment of eyes with high myopia ( 8.0 diopters [D]), including corneal ectasia, severe night glare, and worsened best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA).3-6 These concerns have prompted the expansion of refractive surgery options to include other procedures, such as photorefractive keratectomy, clear lens extraction, and phakic intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Photorefractive keratectomy initially showed great promise, but recent studies citing poor long-term stability of BCVA and visual disturbances from excess corneal ablation and smaller optical zones have blunted enthusiasm for photorefractive keratectomy, which uses older, conventional excimer lasers.7-9 Newer excimer lasers and wavefront-guided ablations have shown promise, and there is renewed interest in performing surface ablation for high myopia.10-12 Clear lens extraction has also been employed for many years for the correction of high myopia but has some significant complications limiting its widespread adoption, the primary concern being an increased risk of retinal detachment.13-15
Several categories of phakic IOLs, including angle-supported anterior chamber lenses, posterior chamber lenses, and iris-fixated lenses, are available. The most promising type of phakic IOL is the iris-fixated lens. Originally designed in 1978 to correct aphakia, the iris-fixated lens was modified by Jan Worst into a biconcave structure to correct myopia (the Worst-Fechner claw lens). This was later converted into a convex-concave configuration and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2004. To date, the Artisan Phakic IOL (Ophtec BV, Groningen, the Netherlands) is the only FDA-approved, iris-fixated lens in the United States.16 While the other 2 IOL models resulted in complications of glaucoma, pupil ovalization, and cataracts,17 the novel location of the iris-fixated lens implies that eyes may be prone to corneal endothelial damage. While short-term results of endothelial conservation have been promising,18-20 more long-term data are necessary.21 This study presents 5-year data on the safety, efficacy, predictability, and long-term stability of the Artisan Phakic IOL.
METHODS
The initial study group consisted of 26 eyes from 15 consecutive patients who underwent surgical implantation of an Artisan Phakic IOL for the correction of high myopia between 1999 and 2000 as part of a prospective, nonrandomized, multicenter, FDA clinical trial. Of the original group, a subset of 19 eyes from 12 patients were evaluated 1 to 6 days, 2 to 3 weeks, 4 to 8 weeks, 4 to 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, and 5 years after implantation. Comparisons of preoperative and postoperative clinical data were also made for all eyes. Institutional review board approval was obtained from the Stanford University Medical Center.
Inclusion criteria included axial myopia from – 5.0 to – 20.0 D, anterior chamber depth (ACD) of 3.2 mm or greater, a scotopic pupil diameter shorter than the lens optic size (5-6 mm depending on the lens used), and an endothelial cell density (ECD) of at least 2000 cells/mm2. Exclusion criteria included chronic systemic disease, collagen vascular disease, anterior segment pathology, prior corneal/intraocular surgery, glaucoma, and preexisting corneal, lenticular, or retinal pathologic features likely to alter vision.
The preoperative examination included measurement of uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), BCVA, Jaeger visual acuity, and manifest and cycloplegic refractions and slitlamp biomicroscopy, Goldmann applanation tonometry, fundus examination, and corneal topography. The goal of all of the operations was emmetropia. The ECD was determined by manual counting before and after the operation with a specular microscope (Topcon SP-1000 and SP-2000P Non-Contact Specular Microscope; Topcon Corp, Tokyo, Japan) using 3 consecutive endothelial images. The ECD for each eye was calculated by averaging the 3 consecutive ECD measurements.
A single surgeon (E.E.M.) performed all the procedures in a manner similar to that described elsewhere.9, 20 The van der Heijde formula, which uses the mean corneal curvature, ACD, and spherical equivalent of the patients' cycloplegic correction,22 enabled calculation of the phakic IOL's power. The Artisan Phakic IOL has a convex-concave UV light–absorbing polymethyl methacrylate optic available with diameters of either 6 mm (for IOL powers from – 5.0 D to – 15.0 D) or 5 mm (for IOL powers from – 5.0 D to – 20.0 D). The lens is positioned in the anterior chamber and held in place by fixation of the haptics to the midperipheral iris stroma, creating a bridge over the optical axis. For this study, two 5-mm optic lenses (model 206) and twenty-four 6-mm optic lenses (model 204) were used. The lens is 8.5 mm in overall length with 0.8 mm of vault.
Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2003 (Microsoft Corp, Seattle, Washington). Paired t test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for parametric comparisons. P  .05 was considered statistically significant. Values are given as mean (SD).
RESULTS
PATIENT POPULATION
Seventeen eyes were from women and 9 were from men. The mean preoperative age was 43.0 (7.62) years (range, 32-56 years). Population characteristics are listed in Table 1. The baseline parameters for all 26 eyes were a mean spherical power of – 11.81 (2.93) D (range, – 17.00 to – 6.75 D), a mean cylindrical power of – 0.98 (0.95) D (range, – 3.75 to 0.00 D), and a mean spherical equivalent of – 12.30 (2.69) D (range, – 17.25 to – 8.25 D). The mean ACD was 3.87 (0.34) mm (range, 3.2-4.5 mm), and the mean intraocular pressure was 15.5 (1.9) mm Hg (range, 12.0-20.0 mm Hg). Mean preoperative ECD was 2481 (291) cells/mm2 (range, 2045-3246 cells/mm2). The mean power of the implanted phakic IOL was – 12.73 (2.36) D (range, – 9.0 to – 17.0 D). The mean preoperative pupil size was 5.5 (0.6) mm (range, 4.0-6.0 mm).
|
|
|
|
Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients Receiving a Phakic Intraocular Lens Implant
|
|
|
SPHERICAL EQUIVALENT REFRACTION
The study eyes have been followed up for a mean of 4.42 years (3 eyes for < 1 year, 2 eyes for 1 year, 2 eyes for 3 years, and 19 eyes for 5 years). Five eyes (19.3%) were lost to follow-up owing to patient relocation or unavailability, while 2 (7.7%) were lost to follow-up owing to complications related to the implantation. The preoperative spherical equivalent and its stability postoperatively is shown in Figure 1. There was a mild statistically insignificant hyperopic shift of + 0.07 (0.13) D for all eyes from postoperative year 1 to the last visit.
|
|
|
|
Figure 1. Stability of postoperative spherical equivalent after Artisan Phakic Intraocular Lens (Ophtec BV, Groningen, the Netherlands) implantation in 26 eyes. More than one-third of eyes (36.8%) changed by 0.50 diopters or more 2 weeks to 5 years postoperatively. Error bars denote SD.
|
|
|
The mean preoperative spherical equivalent refraction was – 12.30 (2.69) D (range, – 17.25 to – 8.25 D). Mean postoperative spherical equivalent refraction was – 0.44 (0.56) D (range, – 2.00 to – 0.38 D) at 1 year, – 0.38 (0.78) D (range, – 2.63 to – 0.50 D) at 3 years, and – 0.37 (0.69) D (range, – 2.625 to 0.875 D) at 5 years. There was no statistically significant difference among values postoperatively (ANOVA, P = .86) (Table 2). The deviation of the achieved vs the intended refractive correction was calculated. After 1 year, 16 of 23 (69.6%) eyes were within 0.5 D of the desired refraction, 21 of 23 (91.3%) eyes were within 1.0 D, and all eyes were within 2.0 D. Of 20 eyes, 15 (75.0%) were within 0.5 D of the desired refraction, 17 (85.0%) were within 1.0 D, and 17 (85.0%) were within 2.0 D after 3 years. After 5 years, of 19 eyes, 14 (73.7%) were within 0.5 D of the desired refraction, 18 (94.7%) were within 1.0 D, and 18 (94.7%) were within 2.0 D, with the remaining eye undercorrected owing to progressive myopia since lens implantation (Table 3 and Figure 2). Astigmatism decreased from 0.98 (1.0) D preoperatively to 0.61 (0.8) D, 0.50 (0.6) D, and 0.50 (0.4) D at years 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
|
|
|
|
Table 2. Spherical Equivalent Refraction and Predictability at Preoperative and Follow-up Visits
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 3. Refractive Predictability After Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 2. Spherical equivalent refractive outcomes after Artisan Phakic Intraocular Lens (Ophtec BV, Groningen, the Netherlands) implantation at 1, 3, and 5 years postoperatively. After 5 years, 73.7% of eyes (n = 14) were within 0.5 diopter (D) of the desired refraction and 94.7% of eyes (n = 18) were within 1.0 D.
|
|
|
For all eyes, the goal was emmetropia. Attempted corrections averaged – 12.59 (2.78) D, while the last visit achieved a mean correction of – 12.22 (2.64) D. There was a moderately strong correlation between attempted and achieved corrections with an R2 of 0.94 (Figure 2). Predictability, defined as achieved divided by attempted spherical equivalent, is presented in Table 2 and Figure 3 and was 0.97 (0.05) D for all eyes at 5 years.
|
|
|
|
Figure 3. Scatterplot demonstrating the refractive predictability of the spherical equivalent 5 years after Artisan Phakic Intraocular Lens (Ophtec BV, Groningen, the Netherlands) implantation in 19 eyes. Eighteen eyes (94.7%) were within 1.0 diopter (D) of the desired refraction. The line is the best-fit regression of all eyes.
|
|
|
VISUAL ACUITY
Preoperative UCVA was less than 20/200 in all 26 eyes. At 1 year, 15 of 23 (65.2%) eyes achieved a UCVA of at least 20/20 and 20 of 23 (87.0%) eyes achieved a UCVA of at least 20/40. Of 20 eyes, 12 (60.0%) achieved a UCVA of 20/20 or better and 17 (85.0%) achieved a UCVA of 20/40 or better at 3 years. At 5 years, 14 of 19 (73.7%) eyes achieved a UCVA of 20/20 or better and 18 of 19 (94.7%) eyes achieved a UCVA of 20/40 or better.
Preoperatively, 19 of 26 (73.1%) eyes had a BCVA of 20/20 or better. At 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years postoperatively, 22 of 23 (95.7%), 17 of 20 (85.0%), and 18 of 19 (94.7%) eyes, respectively, achieved this acuity. After 1, 3, and 5 years, a BCVA of 20/30 or better was achieved in 23 of 23, 19 of 20 (95.0%), and 19 of 19 eyes, respectively. Postoperative BCVA was significantly better than preoperative values at 1 and 5 years (ANOVA, P < .01). Preoperative BCVAs and postoperative UCVAs are shown in Figure 4.
|
|
|
|
Figure 4. Preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (n = 26) and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) at 1 (n = 23), 3 (n = 20), and 5 (n = 19) years after Artisan Phakic Intraocular Lens (Ophtec BV, Groningen, the Netherlands) implantation.
|
|
|
At 3 years, 1 patient developed a nuclear sclerotic cataract (UCVA, 20/400; BCVA, 20/160) prompting removal of her phakic IOL, and myopia progressed in another patient (UCVA, 20/100; BSCVA, 20/30), worsening still at 5 years (UCVA, 20/250; BCVA, 20/25). Otherwise, no significant differences in UCVA or BCVA were noted at any time postoperatively. Best-corrected visual acuity remained the same or improved in 100% of eyes (n = 19) at 5 years. The efficacy index was 0.80 at 1 year, 0.43 at 3 years, and 0.63 at 5 years.
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Mean preoperative intraocular pressure for all 26 eyes was 15.5 (1.9) mm Hg (range, 12.0-20.0 mm Hg). It changed to 15.5 (1.6) mm Hg (range, 12.0-17.0 mm Hg [n = 23]), 16.1 (2.5) mm Hg (range, 11.0-20.0 mm Hg [n = 20]), and 15.9 (1.6) mm Hg (range, 12.0-18.0 mm Hg [n = 19]) at 1, 3, and 5 years postoperatively, respectively.
ECD AND ENDOTHELIAL CELL LOSS
The mean preoperative ECD was 2481 (291) cells/mm2 (range, 2045-3246 cells/mm2). After 1, 3, and 5 years, the mean postoperative ECD was 2325 (396) cells/mm2 (range, 1203-3018 cells/mm2 [n = 21]), 2256 (370) cells/mm2 (range, 1086-2634 cells/mm2 [n = 20]), and 2156 (495) cells/mm2 (range, 1087-2959 cells/mm2 [n = 16]), respectively (Figure 5). Mean postoperative ECD was significantly lower than preoperative ECD (ANOVA, P = .01).
|
|
|
|
Figure 5. Endothelial cell density during 5 years after Artisan Phakic Intraocular Lens (Ophtec BV, Groningen, the Netherlands) implantation. Mean (SD) before implantation (2481 [291] cells/mm2; n = 26) and after 1 year (2325 [396] cells/mm2; n = 21), 3 years (2256 [370] cells/mm2; n = 20), and 5 years (2156 [495] cells/mm2; n = 16) are demonstrated.
|
|
|
Endothelial cell loss was 7.18% at 1 year, 9.98% at 3 years, and 14.05% at 5 years, corresponding to an annual endothelial cell loss of 7.18% (17.28%) (range, – 25.87% to 43.64%), 1.18% (3.83%) (range, – 6.53% to 6.68%), and 3.15% (7.51%) (range, – 11.15% to 19.06%) at 1, 3, and 5 years of follow-up, respectively (Table 4). When stratified by the diameter of the implanted phakic optic lens, the mean endothelial cell loss at 5 years postoperatively was 16.10% (21.00%) and – 0.28% (10.02%) for optic lenses with diameters of 6 mm (n = 14) and 5 mm (n = 2), respectively. The difference observed between these 2 groups did not reach statistical significance (t test, P = .17). No significant correlation was found between the preoperative ACD and endothelial cell changes after 5 years (r2 = 0.029).
|
|
|
|
Table 4. Endothelial Cell Density (ECD) in Patients Receiving a Phakic Intraocular Lens Implant
|
|
|
COMPLICATIONS
There were no intraoperative complications for any of the eyes. Two eyes (7.7%) were lost to follow-up owing to complications following implantation of the phakic IOLs. One eye (3.8%) developed 3+ nuclear sclerosis 3 years postoperatively necessitating phakic IOL explantation with simultaneous cataract extraction and IOL implantation and subsequent photorefractive keratectomy for residual astigmatism. We did not feel the nuclear sclerotic lens changes were a result of the placement of the phakic IOL. The second eye (3.8%) lost to follow-up developed severe visual glare and halos postoperatively, requiring explantation of the phakic IOL without complications. Other reported complications, such as iris retraction and atrophy,23 pupil ovalization,23-24 ocular hypertension, and retinal detachment,25 were not observed in our study cohort. No eyes in our study lost more than 2 lines of BCVA at 5 years (Figure 6).
|
|
|
|
Figure 6. Lost and gained Snellen lines of best-corrected visual acuity after Artisan Phakic Intraocular Lens (Ophtec BV, Groningen, the Netherlands) implantation. After 1, 3, and 5 years, 0% (n = 0), 5.0% (n = 1), and 0% (n = 0) of eyes lost more than 2 Snellen lines of best-corrected visual acuity, respectively.
|
|
|
COMMENT
This study sought to evaluate the 5-year stability, predictability, safety, and efficacy of the Artisan Phakic IOL for the correction of high myopia, for which there exists only 1 study of equal or longer duration to our knowledge.9 The 19 eyes from the 12 patients for whom we present this analysis represent 73% of the initial pool of 26 eyes from 16 patients who had undergone Artisan Phakic IOL implantation.
The dearth of long-term data on Artisan Phakic IOL implantation contrasts with the numerous studies evaluating short-term refractive outcomes.19-21,26-34 Despite entertaining a significantly variable follow-up period (between 1 week to 2 years postoperatively), the stability of phakic IOLs is perhaps evinced in nearly every study's avowal that at least 90% of eyes were within 1 D of the attempted correction at any postoperative instance. Multi-year studies (with a cumulative power represented by > 400 patients) demonstrate similar results, citing mean spherical equivalents at last visits almost always within 0.25 D of desired values several months postoperatively. Currently, the long-term data, albeit limited, show comparable constancy. The longest study to date, a 10-year retrospective report examining outcomes in 89 eyes from 49 patients who underwent phakic IOL implantation for high myopia, reported a mean spherical equivalent of – 0.70 (1.00) D (range, – 4.00 to 2.00 D), with 65.2% and 92.8% of eyes within 1.0 D and 2.0 D of attempted refraction, respectively.9 We report similar outcomes at 5 years with the slight undercorrection noted immediately postoperatively, ultimately proving beneficial in offsetting the subsequent modest, though anticipated,35 hyperopic shift.
The aforementioned short-term studies show favorable outcomes regarding visual acuity, with all reports indicating at least 85% of implanted eyes demonstrating a postoperative BCVA of 20/40 or better and at least 60% of eyes gaining 2 or more Snellen lines of BCVA.19-21,26-34 Additionally, more than 80% of eyes in the studies demonstrated a UCVA of 20/40 or better (with preoperative UCVA generally 20/200). Safety is illustrated by nearly all studies reporting no loss of 2 or more Snellen lines of BCVA (the isolated studies reporting eyes with a loss of 2 Snellen lines were in the context of progressive age-related cataracts, which the authors claim were independent of the implanted lenses).19-21,26-34
Similarly, long-term results from a 10-year retrospective study reported 92.5% of eyes achieving a BCVA and 79.7% of eyes achieving a UCVA of 20/40 or better at last visit.9 They report 3.6% (n = 2) of eyes losing more than 2 Snellen lines of BCVA, which they attribute to corneal dystrophy and cataract formation unrelated to the phakic IOL. Our study reflected slightly better outcomes, with a BCVA of at least 20/40 achieved in 100% of eyes and no eyes losing 2 or more Snellen lines of visual acuity at 5 years.
Given the anterior chamber location of the Artisan Phakic IOL, initial concerns were of putative endothelial damage.36 Of importance in interpreting ECD changes is the reported annual physiologic decline of 0.6% (0.5%) with accompanying increases in polymegethism and pleomorphism.37 There have been numerous, generally concordant, short-term studies citing further ECD loss after phakic IOL implantation above this normal rate of 2.8% to 5.3% between 3 and 6 months after implantation.19, 29-30,34, 38 Another study claims there was no statistically significant decrease in ECD from preoperative levels to 6 months postoperatively.20 In contrast, the numerous studies reporting ECD at 1 year postimplantation9, 19, 25-26,28, 30-31,34, 36, 38-41 cite widely varying measurements, the mean loss of ECD in all studies being 3.3% (5.6%) (range, gain in ECD of 8.73% to loss in ECD of 13%). Of note is that nearly one-third of these studies9, 28, 41-42 cite either a gain or no statistical change in ECD from preoperative levels. Two-year postoperative reports19, 21, 30-31,34, 36, 38, 40, 43 are similarly dissonant with a mean ECD loss of 5.0% (5.9%) (range, 0%-17.6%). Nearly half of these studies also cite no statistically significant decrease in ECD from preoperative levels.19, 21, 40, 43 There are only 3 reports citing ECD measurements at 3 years and they report losses of 0.7%,26 2.9%,40 and 11.7%.30 Finally, the 2 longest studies to date report an ECD loss of 13.42% at 4 years30 and a gain of 3.62% at 10 years.9 We report total ECD losses of 14.05% at 5 years, though we acknowledge that this trend was observed in the context of a relatively small study population.
Several aspects regarding ECD changes warrant further comment. First, similar to other long-term reports,9 an ACD of at least 3.2 mm as an inclusion criterion appears sufficient, as we observed no correlation between ACD and ECD loss. However, given the high ECD losses we reported, we support smaller ACDs as 1 criterion for exclusion. Second, several potential explications may resolve the significant variation of reported ECD losses across different studies. Endothelial cell density itself is quite fluctuant with imprecise methods for measurement, limited sample sizes in taking measurements, and the nuances of individual operations,44 further augmenting variability in its estimate.21, 37, 45 This final point is also relevant in interpreting the rate of ECD change. In our study, the rate of ECD loss actually decreased as patients were further removed from surgery: mean rate of ECD loss was 7.18% (17.28%) (range, – 25.87% to 43.64%), 1.18% (3.83%) (range, – 6.53% to 6.68%), and 3.15% (7.51%) (range, – 11.15% to 19.06%) at 1, 3, and 5 years of follow-up, respectively. This is similarly reflected in the literature with shorter studies reporting a higher rate of ECD loss than the longer studies. These data support assertions that early ECD decline is more likely related to corneal endothelial cell remodeling after the trauma of implantation rather than ongoing cell loss.46 Later increases may result from endothelial cell renewal by corneal stem cells47 combined with phakic IOL implantation facilitating disuse of endothelium-damaging contact lenses.48 A necessity in the future may be measuring other histologic aspects of the cornea, such as polymorphic and polymegethistic changes of individual cell types, as ECD alone is a somewhat incomplete estimation of endothelial health.38
We report rates of cataract formation9, 20, 26, 49 and night glare9, 20, 26-27,38, 49 similar to and below those reported in analogous studies. The latter complication is effectively addressed by both exclusion criteria ensuring sufficiently small pupil diameter as well as lens explantation.
The Artisan Phakic IOL appears to be predictable, effective, and stable for the correction of myopia in eyes with a spherical equivalent of – 8.25 to – 17.25 D. The ongoing endothelial loss demonstrated in our study is a potentially worrisome trend. We recommend caution in contemplating implantation of these phakic IOLs in young patients or those with compromised endothelial cell counts. Additional studies should address outcomes at even later postoperative times and disparity in the reported ECD changes and should more thoroughly characterize the corneal endothelium postoperatively.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Edward E. Manche, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 900 Blake Wilbur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305 (edward.manche{at}stanford.edu).
Submitted for Publication: August 31, 2007; final revision received December 2, 2007; accepted December 16, 2007.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Author Affiliations: Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
REFERENCES
| |
1. Hamilton DR, Hardten DR, Lindstrom RL. Demographics of refractive surgery: the role of phakic intraocular lenses. In: Hardten DR, Lindstrom RL, Davis EA, eds. Phakic Intraocular Lenses: Principles and Practice. Thorofare, NJ: Slack Inc; 2004.
2. Duffey RJ, Leaming D. Trends in refractive surgery in the United States. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004;30(8):1781-1785.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
3. el Danasoury MA. Prospective bilateral study of night glare after laser in situ keratomileusis with single zone and transition zone ablation. J Refract Surg. 1998;14(5):512-516.
ISI
| PUBMED
4. Oshika T, Klyce SD, Applegate RA; et al. Comparison of corneal wavefront aberrations after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127(1):1-7.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
5. Seiler T, Quurke AW. Iatrogenic keratectasia after LASIK in a case of forme fruste keratoconus. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1998;24(7):1007-1009.
ISI
| PUBMED
6. Stulting RD, Carr JD, Thompson KP; et al. Complications of laser in situ keratomileusis for the correction of myopia. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(1):13-20.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
7. Hersh PS, Brint SF, Maloney RK; et al. Photorefractive keratectomy versus laser in situ keratomileusis for moderate to high myopia: a randomized prospective study. Ophthalmology. 1998;105(8):1512-1523.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
8. Pop M, Payette Y. Risk factors for night vision complaints after LASIK for myopia. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(1):3-10.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
9. Tahzib NG, Nuijts RM, Wu WY, Budo CJ. Long-term study of Artisan phakic intraocular lens implantation for the correction of moderate to high myopia: ten-year follow-up results. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(6):1133-1142.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
10. Bilgihan K, Hondur A, Hasanreisoglu B. Laser subepithelial keratomileusis for myopia of -6 to -10 diopters with astigmatism with the MEL60 laser. J Refract Surg. 2004;20(2):121-126.
ISI
| PUBMED
11. Kim JK, Kim SS, Lee HK; et al. Laser in situ keratomileusis versus laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy for the correction of high myopia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004;30(7):1405-1411.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
12. O'Brart DP, Al-Attar M, Hussein B; et al. Laser subepithelial keratomileusis for the correction of high myopia with the Schwind ESIRIS scanning spot laser. J Refract Surg. 2006;22(3):253-262.
ISI
| PUBMED
13. Fernández-Vega L, Alfonso JF, Villacampa T. Clear lens extraction for the correction of high myopia. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(12):2349-2354.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
14. Kubalo lu A, Yazicioglu T, Tacer S. Small incision clear lens extraction for correction of high myopia. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2004;14(1):1-6.
ISI
| PUBMED
15. O'Brien TP, Awwad ST. Phakic intraocular lenses and refractory lensectomy for myopia. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2002;13(4):264-270.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
16. Landesz M, Worst JG, Siertsema JV, van Rij G. Correction of high myopia with the Worst myopia claw intraocular lens. J Refract Surg. 1995;11(1):16-25.
ISI
| PUBMED
17. Baikoff G, Arne JL, Bokobza Y; et al. Angle-fixated anterior chamber phakic intraocular lens for myopia of –7 to –19 diopters. J Refract Surg. 1998;14(3):282-293.
ISI
| PUBMED
18. Dick HB, Alio J, Bianchetti M; et al. Toric phakic intraocular lens: European multicenter study. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(1):150-162.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
19. Landesz M, van Rij G, Luyten G. Iris-claw phakic intraocular lens for high myopia. J Refract Surg. 2001;17(6):634-640.
ISI
| PUBMED
20. Maloney RK, Nguyen LH, John ME. Artisan phakic intraocular lens for myopia: short-term results of a prospective, multicenter study. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(9):1631-1641.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
21. Pop M, Payette Y. Initial results of endothelial cell counts after Artisan lens for phakic eyes: an evaluation of the United States Food and Drug Administration Ophtec Study. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(2):309-317.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
22. Brunette I, Gresset J, Boivin JF; et al. Functional outcome and satisfaction after photorefractive keratectomy, part 2: survey of 690 patients. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(9):1790-1796.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
23. Pérez-Santonja JJ, Alio JL, Jimenez-Alfaro I, Zato MA. Surgical correction of severe myopia with an angle-supported phakic intraocular lens. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2000;26(9):1288-1302.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
24. de Souza RF, Forseto A, Nose R; et al. Anterior chamber intraocular lens for high myopia: five year results. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001;27(8):1248-1253.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
25. Alió JL, de la Hoz F, Perez-Santonja JJ; et al. Phakic anterior chamber lenses for the correction of myopia: a 7-year cumulative analysis of complications in 263 cases. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(3):458-466.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
26. Budo C, Hessloehl JC, Izak M; et al. Multicenter study of the Artisan phakic intraocular lens. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2000;26(8):1163-1171.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
27. El Danasoury MA, El Maghraby A, Gamali TO. Comparison of iris-fixed Artisan lens implantation with excimer laser in situ keratomileusis in correcting myopia between – 9.00 and – 19.50 diopters: a randomized study. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(5):955-964.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
28. Güell JL, Vazquez M, Malecaze F; et al. Artisan toric phakic intraocular lens for the correction of high astigmatism. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136(3):442-447.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
29. Lifshitz T, Levy J, Aizenman I; et al. Artisan phakic intraocular lens for correcting high myopia. Int Ophthalmol. 2004;25(4):233-238.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
30. Menezo JL, Cisneros AL, Rodriguez-Salvador V. Endothelial study of iris-claw phakic lens: four year follow-up. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1998;24(8):1039-1049.
ISI
| PUBMED
31. Moshirfar M, Holz HA, Davis DK. Two-year follow-up of the Artisan/Verisyse iris-supported phakic intraocular lens for the correction of high myopia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007;33(8):1392-1397.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
32. Pop M, Payette Y. Refractive lens exchange versus iris-claw Artisan phakic intraocular lens for hyperopia. J Refract Surg. 2004;20(1):20-24.
ISI
| PUBMED
33. Saxena R, Landesz M, Noordzij B, Luyten GP. Three-year follow-up of the Artisan phakic intraocular lens for hypermetropia. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(7):1391-1395.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
34. Senthil S, Reddy KP. A retrospective analysis of the first Indian experience on Artisan phakic intraocular lens. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2006;54(4):251-255.
PUBMED
35. Guzowski M, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E; et al. Five-year refractive changes in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(7):1364-1370.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
36. Pérez-Santonja JJ, Iradier MT, Sanz-Iglesias L; et al. Endothelial changes in phakic eyes with anterior chamber intraocular lenses to correct high myopia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1996;22(8):1017-1022.
ISI
| PUBMED
37. Bourne WM, Nelson LR, Hodge DO. Central corneal endothelial cell changes over a ten-year period. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38(3):779-782.
FREE FULL TEXT
38. Benedetti S, Casamenti V, Marcaccio L; et al. Correction of myopia of 7 to 24 diopters with the Artisan phakic intraocular lens: two-year follow-up. J Refract Surg. 2005;21(2):116-126.
ISI
| PUBMED
39. Güell J. The adjustable refractive surgery concept (ARS). J Refract Surg. 1998;14(3):271.
ISI
| PUBMED
40. Tehrani M, Dick HB. Endothelial cell loss after toric iris-fixated phakic intraocular lens implantation: three-year follow-up. J Refract Surg. 2007;23(2):172-177.
ISI
| PUBMED
41. Yu AY, Lin ZD, Wang QM; et al. Clinical investigation of iris-claw phakic intraocular lens implantation for high myopia [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2007;43(4):336-339.
PUBMED
42. Güell JL, Vazquez M, Gris O. Adjustable refractive surgery: 6-mm Artisan lens plus laser in situ keratomileusis for the correction of high myopia. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(5):945-952.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
43. Asano-Kato N, Toda I, Hori-Komai Y; et al. Experience with the Artisan phakic intraocular lens in Asian eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005;31(5):910-915.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
44. van Schaick W, van Dooren BT, Mulder PG, Volker-Dieben HJ. Validity of endothelial cell analysis methods and recommendations for calibration in Topcon SP-2000P specular microscopy. Cornea. 2005;24(5):538-544.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
45. Schnitzer JI, Krachmer JH. A specular microscopic study of families with endothelial dystrophy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981;65(6):396-400.
FREE FULL TEXT
46. Edelhauser HF, Sanders DR, Azar R, Lamielle H. Corneal endothelial assessment after ICL implantation. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004;30(3):576-583.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
47. Whikehart DR, Parikh CH, Vaughn AV; et al. Evidence suggesting the existence of stem cells for the human corneal endothelium. Mol Vis. 2005;11:816-824.
ISI
| PUBMED
48. Odenthal MT, Gan IM, Oosting J; et al. Long-term changes in corneal endothelial morphology after discontinuation of low gas-permeable contact lens wear. Cornea. 2005;24(1):32-38.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
49. Pérez-Santonja JJ, Sakla HF, Alio JL. Contrast sensitivity after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1998;24(2):183-189.
ISI
| PUBMED
 CiteULike  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati
What's this?
|
