 |
|
CYP1B1 and MYOC Mutations in 116 Chinese Patients With Primary Congenital Glaucoma
Yuhong Chen, MD, PhD;
Deke Jiang, PhD;
Long Yu, MD, PhD;
Bradley Katz, MD, PhD;
Kang Zhang, MD, PhD;
Bo Wan, PhD;
Xinghuai Sun, MD, PhD
Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(10):1443-1447.
ABSTRACT
| |
Objectives To clinically characterize 116 Chinese patients with primary congenital glaucoma and to determine the role of CYP1B1 and MYOC mutations in this cohort.
Methods This study included 116 unrelated patients with primary congenital glaucoma and 120 ethnically matched, unrelated, healthy controls in China. CYP1B1 and MYOC were amplified from genomic DNA, followed by direct DNA sequencing to identify disease-causing variants.
Results Twenty patients (17.2%) had CYP1B1 mutations. Five of these patients had homozygous mutant alleles and 4 had compound heterozygous mutations. Fourteen of the mutations were novel. Three patients (2.6%) had MYOC mutations, all of which were novel.
Conclusions This study describes the spectrum of CYP1B1 and MYOC mutations in a large cohort of Chinese patients with primary congenital glaucoma. The role of mutations in CYP1B1 and MYOC varies, depending on the ethnic origin of the patients.
Clinical Relevance Patients with primary congenital glaucoma and CYP1B1 mutations tend to have a more severe phenotype than those without mutations. Genetic testing of CYP1B1 mutations may help predict new cases and their prognoses.
INTRODUCTION
Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), caused by developmental defects in the anterior chamber angle, usually has its onset in the neonatal or infantile period. Left untreated, PCG may result in optic atrophy and permanent vision loss. The incidence, which varies considerably in different geographic locations and in different ethnic groups, is approximately 1 in 10 000 births.1 A greater incidence occurs in populations with higher rates of consanguinity (eg, 1 in 1250 in Romanian gypsies,2 1 in 2500 in Saudi Arabia,3 and 1 in 3300 in Andhra Pradesh, India4). Most cases of PCG are sporadic, but 10% to 40% are familial. Most familial cases are associated with consanguinity and are characterized by an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance with variable penetrance.5-6
Primary congenital glaucoma seems to be a genetically heterogeneous disorder.1-6 Three loci for PCG have been mapped: GLC3A (2p21),7 GLC3B (1p36),8 and GLC3C (14q24.3).9 Of these 3 loci, only 1 gene, CYP1B1, a member of the P450 superfamily,10 in locus GLC3A has been identified. More than 60 mutations in CYP1B1 have been described (http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk/ac/gene.php?gene=CYP1B1). Although more commonly associated with open-angle glaucoma, mutations in the myocilin gene (MYOC) (http://www.myocilin.com)11 have been identified in approximately 5.55% of cases of PCG.12 Some patients with PCG exhibit both MYOC and CYP1B1 mutations.13
In this study, we clinically characterized 116 Chinese patients with PCG. We sequenced the CYP1B1 and MYOC genes in each patient to describe the spectrum of CYP1B1 and MYOC mutations in Chinese patients with PCG.
METHODS
PATIENTS
The study protocol adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics committee of the Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients or, for children, from their parents.
All the patients underwent a complete ocular examination, including slitlamp biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, applanation tonometry, and gonioscopy, when available. Patients with other recognized associations or combinations of infantile glaucoma, such as aniridia, anterior segment dysgenesis, congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy, neurofibromatosis, and Sturge-Weber syndrome, were excluded. The affected status was defined by an intraocular pressure higher than 21 mm Hg and by the presence of corneal enlargement, a scar, or Haab striae. A total of 116 patients were included in the study, and 120 healthy individuals with normal ophthalmic examination findings and no reported family history of hereditary eye diseases were recruited as controls.
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Genomic DNA was prepared from peripheral blood using the QIAmp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN GmbH, Hilden, Germany). The coding regions (exons 2 and 3) and the promoter region14 of CYP1B1 (GenBank U56438) and the coding regions of MYOC (GenBank AF001620) were amplified from genomic DNA by means of polymerase chain reaction (eTable 1).
Polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed in a 25-µL mixture containing genomic DNA, 50 ng; forward and reverse primers, 0.5 µmol/L; magnesium chloride, 1.5 mmol/L; 5% dimethylsulfoxide (only for CYP1B1_promoter, CYP1B1_2A, CYP1B1_2B, and CYP1B1_2C); dNTP, 0.2 µmol/mL of each; and Taq polymerase, 1.25 U (Takara Bio Inc, Shiga, Japan). Polymerase chain reaction conditions were as follows: an initial denaturation at 95°C for 5 minutes followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 45 seconds, annealing at a temperature specific for each primer for 45 seconds, and extension at 72°C for 1 minute. A final extension at 72°C for 10 minutes completed the reaction. Thermocycling was performed on a GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California). Direct sequencing with forward and reverse amplification primers was performed using an Applied Biosystems 3730 DNA Analyzer, using the BigDye Terminator v3.1 protocol.
RESULTS
All the patients were diagnosed as having PCG before age 3 years. The median age at diagnosis was 4 months. A family history of PCG could be established for only 2 patients. A history of consanguinity could be established for only 1 patient. There were 87 male patients and 29 female patients, a male to female ratio of approximately 3:1. There were 79 bilaterally affected individuals and 37 unilaterally affected individuals, a ratio of more than 2:1.
Sequence analysis of the coding regions of the CYP1B1 gene in the 116 patients with PCG revealed 20 different variants that were not detected in the 120 control subjects (Figure 1). Of the 20 patients with CYP1B1 mutations, 5 were homozygotes, 4 were compound heterozygotes, and 11 were heterozygotes. Of these 20 variants, 14 are reported for the first time and the other 6 have been reported in previous studies (Table 1).3, 9, 15-17 Of the 14 novel mutations, the single nucleotide deletion g.3972delC (p.A56GGHX) resulted in a premature stop codon at the 59th amino acid, the mutation g.4168_4169insGACCGGCCGGCCTTCGCC (p.A121_S122insDRPAFA) inserted 6 amino acids, and g.8209_8213delAGCAGinsTTGTTGAAAAA (p.S458_R459delinsLLKK) replaced 1 S and 1 R with 2 L and 2 K (Figure 2). The other 11 novel mutations were missense mutations: g.3985C>G (p.I60M), g.4089T>C (p.V95A), g.4124C>G (p.L107V), g.4157C>T (p.P118S), g.4206T>C (p.F134S), g.4413A>G (p.N203S), g.4664G>A (p.A287S), g.4677A>G (p.D291G), g.4761A>G (p.N319S), g.7925T>A (p.V363D), and g.7940G>T (p.R368L).
|
|
|
|
Figure 1. Gene structure of CYP1B1 and the locations of the 20 identified mutations. Conserved regions are indicated by gray blocks, with the annotation below; substrate recognition sites (SRSs) are shown by short horizontal lines.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 1. Phenotype of Patients With CYP1B1 Mutations
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 2. Electropherograms of the sense strands of 3 mutations: g.3972delC (A), g.4168_4169insGACCGGCCGGCCTTCGCC (B), and g.8209_8213delAGCAGinsTTGTTGAAAAA (C).
|
|
|
In agreement with previous studies,18-19 our study patients with CYP1B1 mutations tended to have PCG at an earlier age and were more likely to have bilateral disease compared with patients with PCG without CYP1B1 mutations. The median age at diagnosis for CYP1B1 mutation carriers (1.5 months) was significantly lower than that for patients without CYP1B1 mutations (6.0 months) (z = 2.72, P = .007, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test). Of the patients with CYP1B1 mutations, 85% had bilateral disease compared with 65% of those without mutations ( 2 = 3.18, P = .08, Pearson 2 test) (eTable 2).
Haplotypes were deduced on 8 common variants in CYP1B1 (g.2805C>T, g.3130C>T, g.3793T>C, g.3947C>G, g.4160G>T, g.8131C>G, g.8184C>T, and g.8195A>G) and were compared between patients and controls using the PHASE v2.0 program.20 The most common haplotypes, in order, in these patients and controls were 5'-CCCCGCCA-3', 5'-TCTGTCCA-3', and 5'-CCCCGGTA-3' (eTable 3). The most predominant haplotype in the present study is different from that in most previous studies3, 21-22 in the Western world but is similar to that found in a Japanese study (Table 2).16
|
|
|
|
Table 2. Predominant Haplotypes in Patients With Primary Congenital Glaucoma in Different Nations
|
|
|
Three novel MYOC mutations were observed in 3 patients without CYP1B1 mutations that were not observed in any of the 120 controls. These mutations—c.688G>A (p.E230K), c.814C>T (p.R272X), and c.938C>T (p.S313F)—changed conserved amino acids (eFigure). In total, 93 of 116 patients had neither CYP1B1 mutations nor MYOC mutations, and no one had a mutation in both genes.
COMMENT
Mutations in CYP1B1 have been associated with PCG with varying frequencies across different ethnic communities and geographic boundaries. In this study, 20 of 116 patients with PCG (17.2%) had CYP1B1 mutations. This percentage is much lower than the 90% to 100% reported in Arab patients with PCG3 and in Romany patients with PCG,21 and it is also lower than the 30% to 50% reported in Indian14 and Brazilian patients with PCG.18 The percentage is similar to that detected in a study16 of Japanese patients with sporadic PCG. Because of low rates of inbreeding and consanguinity in our study patients with PCG, these results are more comparable with the study of Japanese patients with sporadic PCG.
Primary congenital glaucoma is generally inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Mutations are usually homozygous or compound heterozygous in affected individuals and with phenotypically normal heterozygotes, whereas in this study, 11 patients were heterozygotes of CYP1B1. In fact, heterozygous mutations of CYP1B1 in patients with PCG have been previously reported.14, 23 It was reasonable to assume that undetected variations (eg, in the promoter region) affected gene function or expression.16 However, in our study patients, no mutation was found in the promoter region of the gene. The coding regions of MYOC were also sequenced because previous studies12-13 showed a possible role of MYOC mutations in PCG. However, MYOC was involved in only 3 of the 116 patients (2.6%) with PCG; these 3 patients carried no CYP1B1 mutations. None of our study patients had a mutation in both CYP1B1 and MYOC. It seems that there are other genes involved in the pathogenesis of PCG.
In the CYP1B1 gene, a transmembrane domain is present at the N-terminal, followed by a proline-rich "hinge" region that permits flexibility between the membrane-spanning domain and the cytoplasmic portion of the molecule.10 A set of conserved structure elements is present at the C-terminal. Substrate recognition site regions play important roles in substrate binding.24 The homozygous deletion at g.3972delC resulted in truncation of the CYP1B1 protein to 58 amino acids, thereby deleting 485 amino acids from the C-terminus of the protein. This deletion occurred at the end of the membrane domain, resulting in the elimination of all-important domains in exons 2 and 3. The mutation p.A121_S122insDRPAFA was located in substrate recognition site 1, and the mutation p.S458_R459delinsLLKK occurred at the end of the meander region, which precedes the heme-binding region and could theoretically affect the configuration of the region. Most of the missense mutations were located in conserved regions, such as the hinge region (I60M), E-helix (N203S and S215I), I-helix (N319S), J-helix (V363D and V364M), K-helix (R390H), meander region (R444Q), heme-binding region (R469W), and substrate recognition site region (P118S and F134S) (Figure 1). Other new missense mutations (V95A, L107V, P118S, F134S, N203S, A287S, D291G, and R368L) did not occur in conserved regions, but comparison of amino acid sequence alignment in different cytochrome P450 proteins revealed that these missense mutations altered evolutionarily conserved amino acids (Figure 3).
|
|
|
|
Figure 3. Multiple-sequence alignment of CYP1B1 amino acids with missense mutations. The amino acids highlighted in black on a gray background correspond to the locations of the missense changes identified in the present study.
|
|
|
A wide range of mutations in the coding regions of CYP1B1 were detected in these patients. Most of these mutations were sporadic and have not been previously reported in studies of other ethnic groups. No common variants were found, such as E387K observed in Slovakian Romany people21; G61E, D374N, and R469W described in a Saudi Arabian population3; and the predominant R368H seen in Indian patients.25 The different mutation spectrum in our study patients may be attributed to genetic heterogeneity and ethnic diversity. Different haplotype backgrounds may, in part, explain the striking dissimilarities in mutations observed in this study compared with those observed in studies of other ethnic groups (Table 2).22
In summary, the present study describes the spectrum of CYP1B1 and MYOC mutations associated with PCG in a Chinese population. A different pattern of CYP1B1 sequence variations seems to exist in Chinese patients compared with patients from other ethnic backgrounds. Mutations of the CYP1B1 gene are much less prevalent in Chinese populations with PCG compared with Arabic or Romany populations, and MYOC mutations play a minor role in PCG. A better understanding of the genetics of PCG will lead to earlier diagnosis and better treatment of this severe, blinding condition.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Xinghuai Sun, MD, PhD, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and Ear Nose Throat Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Rd, 200031 Shanghai, China (xhsun{at}shmu.edu.cn).
Submitted for Publication: October 2, 2007; final revision received December 23, 2007; accepted January 2, 2008.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Funding/Support: This study was supported by grant 2007CB512204 from the National Basic Research Program of China and by grant NSFC30571996 from the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
Additional Contributions: We are grateful to the patients and their families for their enthusiastic participation in this study. Fanrong Meng, MD, Yuelian Song, MD, Wenyi Guo, MD, PhD, Shaohong Qian, MD, PhD, Jiajian Wang, MD, PhD, Xiaohong Jin, MD, PhD, and other colleagues in the Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and Ear Nose Throat Hospital, assisted with sample collection and Xianmei Yang, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, reviewed the manuscript.
Author Affiliations: Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and Ear Nose Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical School (Drs Chen and Sun), and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences (Drs Jiang, Yu, and Wan), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Program in Human Molecular Biology and Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (Drs Katz and Zhang).
REFERENCES
| |
1. Sarfarazi M, Stoilov I, Schenkman JB. Genetics and biochemistry of primary congenital glaucoma. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2003;16(4):543-554.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
2. Gen ík A. Epidemiology and genetics of primary congenital glaucoma in Slovakia: description of a form of primary congenital glaucoma in gypsies with autosomal-recessive inheritance and complete penetrance. Dev Ophthalmol. 1989;16:76-115.
PUBMED
3. Bejjani BA, Stockton DW, Lewis RA; et al. Multiple CYP1B1 mutations and incomplete penetrance in an inbred population segregating primary congenital glaucoma suggest frequent de novo events and a dominant modifier locus. Hum Mol Genet. 2000;9(3):367-374.
FREE FULL TEXT
4. Dandona L, Williams JD, Williams BC; et al. Population-based assessment of childhood blindness in southern India. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116(4):545-546.
FREE FULL TEXT
5. Sarfarazi M, Akarsu AN, Hossain A; et al. Assignment of a locus (GLC3A) for primary congenital glaucoma (buphthalmos) to 2p21 and evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Genomics. 1995;30(2):171-177.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
6. Sarfarazi M, Stoilov I. Molecular genetics of primary congenital glaucoma. Eye. 2000;14(pt 3B):422-428.
ISI
| PUBMED
7. Stoilov I, Akarsu AN, Sarfarazi M. Identification of three different truncating mutations in cytochrome P4501B1 (CYP1B1) as the principal cause of primary congenital glaucoma (buphthalmos) in families linked to the GLC3A locus on chromosome 2p21. Hum Mol Genet. 1997;6(4):641-647.
FREE FULL TEXT
8. Akarsu AN, Turacli ME, Aktan SG; et al. A second locus (GLC3B) for primary congenital glaucoma (buphthalmos) maps to the 1p36 region. Hum Mol Genet. 1996;5(8):1199-1203.
FREE FULL TEXT
9. Stoilov IR, Costa VP, Vasconcellos JP; et al. Molecular genetics of primary congenital glaucoma in Brazil. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43(6):1820-1827.
FREE FULL TEXT
10. Stoilov I, Akarsu AN, Alozie I; et al. Sequence analysis and homology modeling suggest that primary congenital glaucoma on 2p21 results from mutations disrupting either the hinge region or the conserved core structures of cytochrome P4501B1. Am J Hum Genet. 1998;62(3):573-584.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
11. Hewitt AW, Mackey DA, Craig JE. Myocilin allele-specific glaucoma phenotype database. Hum Mutat. 2008;29(2):207-211.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
12. Kaur K, Reddy AB, Mukhopadhyay A; et al. Myocilin gene implicated in primary congenital glaucoma. Clin Genet. 2005;67(4):335-340.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
13. Chakrabarti S, Kaur K, Komatireddy S; et al. Gln48His is the prevalent myocilin mutation in primary open angle and primary congenital glaucoma phenotypes in India. Mol Vis. 2005;11:111-113.
ISI
| PUBMED
14. Reddy AB, Kaur K, Mandal AK; et al. Mutation spectrum of the CYP1B1 gene in Indian primary congenital glaucoma patients. Mol Vis. 2004;10:696-702.
ISI
| PUBMED
15. Sitorus R, Ardjo SM, Lorenz B; et al. CYP1B1 gene analysis in primary congenital glaucoma in Indonesian and European patients. J Med Genet. 2003;40(1):e9. http://jmg.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/40/1/e9. Accessed September 28, 2003.
FREE FULL TEXT
16. Mashima Y, Suzuki Y, Sergeev Y; et al. Novel cytochrome P4501B1 (CYP1B1) gene mutations in Japanese patients with primary congenital glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42(10):2211-2216.
FREE FULL TEXT
17. Kakiuchi-Matsumoto T, Isashiki Y, Ohba N; et al. Cytochrome P450 1B1 gene mutations in Japanese patients with primary congenital glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131(3):345-350.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
18. Stoilov IR, Costa VP, Vasconcellos JP; et al. Molecular genetics of primary congenital glaucoma in Brazil. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43(6):1820-1827.
FREE FULL TEXT
19. Ohtake Y, Tanino T, Suzuki Y; et al. Phenotype of cytochrome P4501B1 gene (CYP1B1) mutations in Japanese patients with primary congenital glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(3):302-304.
FREE FULL TEXT
20. Stephens M, Smith NJ, Donnelly P. A new statistical method for haplotype reconstruction from population data. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;68(4):978-989.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
21. Plásilová M, Stoilov I, Sarfarazi M; et al. Identification of a single ancestral CYP1B1 mutation in Slovak Gypsies (Roms) affected with primary congenital glaucoma. J Med Genet. 1999;36(4):290-294.
FREE FULL TEXT
22. Chakrabarti S, Kaur K, Kaur I; et al. Globally, CYP1B1 mutations in primary congenital glaucoma are strongly structured by geographic and haplotype backgrounds. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(1):43-47.
FREE FULL TEXT
23. Alfadhli S, Behbehani A, Elshafey A; et al. Molecular and clinical evaluation of primary congenital glaucoma in Kuwait. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141(3):512-516.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
24. Lewis DF, Gillam EM, Everett SA, Shimada T. Molecular modelling of human CYP1B1 substrate interactions and investigation of allelic variant effects on metabolism. Chem Biol Interact. 2003;145(3):281-295.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
25. Reddy AB, Panicker SG, Mandal AK; et al. Identification of R368H as a predominant CYP1B1 allele causing primary congenital glaucoma in Indian patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(10):4200-4203.
FREE FULL TEXT
SECTION EDITOR: JANEY L. WIGGS, MD, PhD
 CiteULike  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati  Twitter
What's this?
|
