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Effects of Timolol on MYOC, OPTN, and WDR36 RNA Levels
Frank W. Rozsa, PhD;
Kathleen Scott, BS;
Hemant Pawar, PhD;
Sayoko Moroi, MD, PhD;
Julia E. Richards, PhD
Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(1):86-93.
ABSTRACT
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Objectives To evaluate if timolol affects expression of 3 open-angle glaucoma genes and to study its ability to modulate dexamethasone-induced up-regulation of MYOC.
Methods We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay of glaucoma gene transcript levels from human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cultures exposed to 3 different doses of timolol. Three HTM cell cultures were grown with or without 1 of 3 timolol doses in the presence or absence of dexamethasone.
Results All 3 concentrations of timolol reduced MYOC RNA levels in 1 HTM culture compared with an untreated control and showed negligible effects in the other 2 cultures. Timolol had no effect on dexamethasone-induced MYOC transcript levels in any of the 3 cultures. Timolol, dexamethasone, and dexamethasone plus timolol had a negligible effect on OPTN and WDR36 RNA levels.
Conclusions Timolol can reduce MYOC RNA levels in HTM cultures from some individuals. Timolol does not alter OPTN or WDR36 levels or ameliorate MYOC induction by dexamethasone in vitro.
Clinical Relevance It remains to be determined whether timolol could reduce production of misfolded myocilin protein by HTM cells in individuals with MYOC missense mutations. A broader survey of interindividual variation in response to timolol as well as mechanistic studies are still needed before potential therapeutic implications can be explored.
INTRODUCTION
Glaucoma is a major cause of blindness worldwide.1 Although the pathogenesis of glaucoma is not known, this disease is characterized by excavation of the optic nerve, resulting in progressive visual field loss that can lead to blindness. Four major prospective glaucoma clinical trials have demonstrated that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a risk factor for glaucoma progression.2-5 Both lowering IOP to an appropriate target level6 and minimizing IOP fluctuation while receiving glaucoma treatment2, 7 are important glaucoma treatment outcomes.
A glaucoma medical therapy commonly used to lower IOP is timolol, a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist or β-blocker. The main mechanism of action of the β-blockers is to decrease aqueous humor flow,8 resulting in lowering IOP. Although the primary IOP-lowering effects of timolol do not operate on trabecular outflow,9 β-adrenergic receptors are present on trabecular meshwork cells.10-12 Long-term use of timolol causes functional and morphological effects on trabecular meshwork cells.13-16 Although the clinical effects of timolol on IOP reduction are well established, little is known about the potential effects of timolol on expression of glaucoma genes. If induction of glaucoma genes has the potential to affect disease pathologic features, then it is important to know whether glaucoma medications used to treat patients can affect expression levels of glaucoma gene transcripts or products in relevant tissue types.
There are 3 known open-angle glaucoma (OAG) genes, myocilin (MYOC, Mendelian Inheritance of Man [MIM] 601652), optineurin (OPTN, MIM 602432), and WD repeat-containing protein 36 (WDR36, MIM 609669).17-21 Induction of MYOC has been observed in a cell culture model of steroid glaucoma22 and in native human trabecular meshwork (HTM) from patients with primary and secondary OAG23; however, it is not known whether problems resulting from misfolded myocilin protein24-25 can be aggravated by increased expression in individuals with MYOC missense mutations. Little is known about conditions that might influence levels of expression of OPTN and WDR36 or whether individuals with specific glaucoma gene mutations respond differently to specific therapies.
Herein we present data on transcript levels of 3 OAG genes, MYOC, OPTN, and WDR36, in response to timolol in primary cultures of HTM cells. We also evaluate the effect of timolol on transcript levels in the presence of dexamethasone. We present evidence that timolol has a variable effect on MYOC levels in the absence of dexamethasone and that expression of OPTN and WDR36 undergo little change in the presence of either of the therapeutic agents tested.
METHODS
CELL CULTURES
Eyes were obtained from the Michigan Eye Bank (Ann Arbor), which carried out informed consent and confirmed that none of the donors had been diagnosed with glaucoma. These studies were carried out according to a protocol approved by the University of Michigan institutional review board for human subjects research.
Primary cell cultures of HTM cells, designated HTM10M, HTM12F, and HTM17F, were grown from HTM tissue samples from a 10-year-old white boy (HTM10M), a 12-year-old white girl (HTM12F), and a 17-year-old white girl (HTM17F).26 The subject previously listed as being 16 years old26-27 has been re-assigned an age of 10 years based on review of records. Corneoscleral buttons28 were transferred to Optisol29 at 9 hours, 6 hours 45 minutes, and 13 hours 25 minutes post mortem, respectively. Human trabecular meshwork was dissected from the corneoscleral button and cultured as previously described.26 Deaths of all 3 donors were accidental and the Michigan Eye Bank considered their medical and ocular histories to be unremarkable. Cells from the fifth passage were grown in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium containing 15% fetal calf serum, supplemented with 1 ng/mL of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) at 37°C under 10% carbon dioxide to confluency, after which the cells were maintained for 1 week in 10% fetal calf serum without bFGF. Cells were incubated at 0.1µM, 1.0µM, or 10µM timolol30 with 100nM dexamethasone,19 combinations of both drugs, or vehicle in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium containing 10% fetal calf serum without bFGF for 21 days, with media changes 3 times per week. The 21-day period that we used in previous dexamethasone experiments26-27 was selected as a model for long-term treatment.
A 1555–base pair (bp) region containing 1400 bp immediately 5' to the reported MYOC translation start site was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Table 1) and sequenced as previously reported.26 No sequence changes were detected in the MYOC coding region or splice sites for any of the 3 HTM cell cultures, as previously described.26
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Table 1. Primers Used for PCR and/or Sequencing of EIF4E, GAPDH, MYOC, OPTN, and WDR36
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Total RNA was prepared from cells harvested using Trizol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California) and purified over RNAeasy columns (Qiagen, Valencia, California) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The RNA quality and quantity were evaluated by spectrophotometry and gel electrophoresis. Total RNA was reverse transcribed to complementary DNA (cDNA) using the High-Capacity cDNA Archive Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California) according to the manufacturer's directions.
QUANTITATIVE PCR
Transcript levels were evaluated by quantitative PCR using the comparative threshold method. The PCR reactions were carried out on cDNA templates corresponding to 16.66 ng of total RNA using intron-spanning primers (Table 1) and an intercalating dye in iQ SYBR Green Supermix reaction mixture (BioRad Laboratories, Hercules, California). Thermal cycling conditions were 10 minutes at 95°C followed by 45 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 58°C, 30 seconds at 75°C, and a final extension step for 6 minutes at 72°C performed in an iCycler (BioRad) with an optical module. Each PCR product was confirmed to be a single band by melt curve analysis and visualization on agarose gel (data not shown). Six replicates were performed for each gene and condition assayed, except for the MYOC gene where 6 replicates were carried out from each of 2 different culture wells for each timolol concentration in the timolol-only experiment. Cycle threshold (CT) values were determined using iCycler Optical System Software 3.0 (BioRad) with the default settings for a PCR baseline subtracted curve fit model. The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GAPDH) values showed little variation across all samples (absolute CT range, 15.62-17.42; mean, 16.38) and did not vary substantially in response to different treatment conditions when normalized to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E gene (EIF4E) as the control.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The fold change for MYOC, WDR36, and OPTN levels in drug-treated cell cultures relative to levels in untreated cell cultures used values normalized to GAPDH control levels. The mean (SD) CT for replicates of each individual cell culture and the composite average of 3 cell cultures were calculated for each gene. The CT is exponentially related to copy number, with error bars represented by the fold change calculation (2- CT) plus and minus the standard deviation.
RESULTS
Three HTM cultures were grown with no drug, with timolol, with timolol plus dexamethasone, or with dexamethasone. Levels of gene transcripts were evaluated by quantitative PCR and comparisons were made between transcript levels under the different treatments for each cell culture and for the composite data for each cell culture.
MYOC RNA LEVELS
When data from the 3 HTM cultures were pooled, the mean CT values for combined data for each condition did not vary significantly across conditions, except that a much lower CT value for MYOC in the presence of dexamethasone reflects the expected higher level of MYOC RNA in the presence of dexamethasone (Figure 1A). MYOC response to dexamethasone did not appear to differ with the presence or absence of timolol or vary between different timolol concentrations (Figure 1A), while similar GAPDH values across all cultures indicated that comparable amounts of RNA were present in each sample. Inclusion of timolol along with dexamethasone gave a negligible difference in MYOC RNA levels between cells grown with or without dexamethasone, whether evaluated for individual cultures or composite data for all cultures (Figure 1A and Figure 2A and C).
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Figure 1. Mean gene expression levels for human trabecular meshwork samples HTM10M, HTM12F, and HTM17F for MYOC (A), OPTN (B), and WDR36 (C) with reference to GAPDH. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold (CT) values indicate expression level on y-axis. Drug treatments are indicated on the x-axis. Error bars indicate standard deviation.
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Figure 2. MYOC expression in treated vs untreated human trabecular meshwork cultures HTM10M, HTM12F, and HTM17F and all cultures (HTM[ALL]). A, Mean difference in cycle threshold (CT) (MYOC – GAPDH). B and C, Fold change in MYOC level (treated vs untreated) is shown in response to timolol (B) and dexamethasone plus timolol (C). Error bars indicate standard deviation.
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When considered separately, the 3 individual HTM cultures responded differently to timolol (Figure 2). For samples treated with timolol only, MYOC levels changed substantially, relative to untreated samples, for HTM10M but showed no appreciable change for HTM17F or HTM12F (Figure 2A and B). For HTM10M, the MYOC level dropped by more than 11-fold in response to 0.1µM timolol, 9.2-fold in response to 1µM timolol, and 5.6-fold in response to 10µM timolol, with error bars overlapping between the 3 conditions. HTM17F and HTM12F showed less than 2-fold change in response to any timolol concentration. The 3 separate HTM cultures expressed different baseline levels of MYOC RNA as well as different levels of response to dexamethasone (Figure 2A). The selective effect of timolol on HTM10M did not represent an unusually high baseline level being restored to normal since HTM10M started out with the lowest baseline level and then dropped even further in response to timolol (Figure 2). Error bars indicate that the variability in the data for each cell culture and condition is low, with increased variability for the combined data reflecting that data have been combined from cell cultures that individually produce very different values (Figure 1A and Figure 2).
OPTN AND WDR36 RNA LEVELS
OPTN CT values for each of the 3 timolol concentrations were comparable with the mean normalized CT values for the untreated cells, with differences in RNA levels between treated and untreated conditions falling with the range of experimental error (Figure 1B). The 3 cell cultures not only showed a similar lack of response but also showed similar baseline values when untreated (Figure 3A). For each HTM culture, there were negligible differences between cell cultures treated with dexamethasone and the same cell culture treated with dexamethasone plus timolol (Figure 3B and C). For all conditions tested, OPTN findings for each of the 3 separate HTM cultures agreed with the findings for the composite data set (Figure 3). We regard the differences observed herein to be within the range of error of the experimental system.
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Figure 3. OPTN expression in treated vs untreated human trabecular meshwork cultures HTM10M, HTM12F, and HTM17F and all cultures (HTM[ALL]). A, Mean difference in cycle threshold (CT) (OPTN – GAPDH). B and C, Fold change in OPTN level (treated vs untreated) is shown in response to timolol (B) and dexamethasone plus timolol (C). Error bars indicate standard deviation.
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Similarly, we found that mean WDR36 CT values were unchanged by exposure to dexamethasone, timolol, or the combination of the 2 (Figure 1C and Figure 4). In addition, the values for the 3 different cell cultures were all comparable with each other and within the range of experimental error (Figure 4).
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Figure 4. WDR36 expression in treated vs untreated human trabecular meshwork cultures HTM10M, HTM12F, and HTM17F and all cultures (HTM[ALL]). A, Mean difference in cycle threshold (CT) (WDR36 – GAPDH). B and C, Fold change in WDR36 level (treated vs untreated) is shown in response to timolol (B) and dexamethasone plus timolol (C). Error bars indicate standard deviation.
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MYOC REGULATORY SEQUENCE VARIANTS
We carried out PCR amplification of a fragment containing 1550 bp of sequence 5' of the reported MYOC translation start site19 and assigned genotypes for previously reported sequence variants31-37 at 10 positions across the region (Table 2). We observed 2 apparent haplotypes, designated as haplotype 1, GACC13GTT, and haplotype 2, GGCC15ATT, consisting of variants at the positions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 1 length polymorphism shown in Table 2. HTM10M and HTM12F were both heterozygous across the region, each having both haplotype 1 and haplotype 2, while HTM17F was homozygous for haplotype 1. Thus, across this proximal promoter region the haplotypes are the same for HTM10M and HTM12F and different for HTM17F (Table 2).
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Table 2. MYOC Promoter Region Sequence Variants in 3 HTM Cell Cultures
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COMMENT
An important novel finding of this study is the substantial reduction of MYOC expression in response to timolol in 1 of 3 cultures tested. When we look at the average level of MYOC RNA in the composite data set, we see little difference in MYOC levels with or without timolol; however, when we consider the data for the separate cell cultures, 2 cultures remained unchanged by timolol exposure while HTM10M showed differences in MYOC RNA levels ranging from more than a 5-fold decrease to more than an 11-fold decrease across the range of timolol concentrations tested. Although this is a large decrease, the MYOC transcript is only decreased and not eliminated.
A curious accompanying observation is that timolol had no effect on dexamethasone-induced MYOC RNA level increases in any of the 3 cell cultures tested, not even the HTM10M culture that showed a decrease in MYOC level in response to timolol alone. Thus, the mechanism by which timolol reduces MYOC expression in culture HTM10M might be unrelated to the mechanism by which dexamethasone induces MYOC in that same culture, but we cannot be sure until the pathways mediating each change are elucidated.
Our dexamethasone data are consistent with our previous observations that HTM10M had the largest MYOC changes in response to dexamethasone and that the apparently smaller MYOC response of HTM17F is in part due to the fact that it started out with a higher baseline value in untreated cells. Based on our experience, the variation in dexamethasone-induced MYOC levels, with and without timolol, is consistent with what we usually observe in experiments involving no timolol.26-27 All of the MYOC values obtained in both treated and untreated samples fall within the range of values normally seen in our cell cultures from unaffected individuals and suggest that timolol is not blocking or reducing MYOC induction by dexamethasone.
In contrast to the variable effect on MYOC RNA levels, timolol had negligible effects on levels of OPTN or WDR36 RNA. Similarly, dexamethasone had little effect on their RNA levels, and this situation was not altered in the presence of timolol. The very small differences observed represent the range of expected variability of the experimental techniques. Thus, we conclude that within the limits of this particular cell culture and assay system, neither dexamethasone nor timolol altered levels of OPTN or WDR36 RNA over a 3-week course of treatment.
Thus, our results from a limited sample size suggest that timolol exerts consistent but different effects on the RNA levels from 3 OAG genes in HTM. Selective biological effects of β-blocker therapy have been demonstrated in other tissues. For instance, in congestive heart failure, β-blocker treatment improves cardiac function by altering myocardial gene expression with time-dependent biological effects in cardiomyocytes.38-39 Interactions between β-adrenergic receptors and nitric oxide signaling have been shown at both biochemical and transcriptional expression levels in various tissues that include endothelium40 and ocular ciliary processes.41-42 The β-blockers have also been shown to increase subconjunctival collagen density by regulating expression of specific matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases.43-44
Evaluation of more than a thousand bases of sequence proximal to the MYOC transcription start site indicated that sequence differences in the proximal promoter region of MYOC are not responsible for the observed timolol-response differences between HTM10M and the other 2 HTM cultures. HTM10M, with its decrease in response to timolol, had the same promoter region diplotype as HTM12F, which showed negligible reaction to timolol. HTM17F and HTM12F, which had very similar responses to timolol, share one haplotype but differ at the second haplotype. Additional sequencing and functional studies would be needed to evaluate changes in other potential regulatory sequences further from the transcription start site or in unidentified enhancer sequences, but the underlying basis for the response difference of HTM10M could reside elsewhere in the genome.
It is curious that the cell culture that responds to timolol comes from a male donor, HTM10M, while the 2 cell cultures that do not respond come from female donors HTM12F and HTM17F. However, IOP-lowering effects of timolol are not thought to be differential according to sex,45 and it would be premature to conclude any association of MYOC timolol responsiveness with sex or other characteristics based on so few samples.
Our use of cultured cells has the disadvantage that it might fail to mimic responses in vivo and the advantage that it separates out the HTM cell responses to timolol from responses to secondary factors such as elevated IOP or altered aqueous composition. In addition, the study's limited scope encompasses only the 3 known OAG genes even though it is clear that there are many additional yet-to-be-identified glaucoma genes whose expression we will eventually want to evaluate. These experiments do not tell us what effect the altered RNA level might have on accumulation of myocilin protein over time.
It would appear that use of timolol might not be of any assistance in bringing MYOC RNA levels back down into the normal range in the presence of dexamethasone. Since the pathways by which MYOC induction occurs are not well characterized, it is unclear whether timolol might be used to limit the induction of MYOC by other mechanisms discussed by other groups such as sheer stress, oxidative stress, or the misfolded protein response to presence of MYOC missense mutations.26, 46-48
In summary, timolol caused reduced expression of MYOC in 1 of 3 HTM cultures. It is unclear whether timolol could play a role in preventing or delaying onset of myocilin-based glaucoma by reducing the amount of aberrant myocilin protein in individuals with MYOC mutations; down-regulation of MYOC would not be predicted to be a problem since a reduction or loss of myocilin has been reported to cause no identifiable abnormalities.49-52 Mechanistic studies, determination of the prevalence of the timolol-MYOC effect, and evaluation of in vivo responses will all be needed before deciding whether timolol treatment will have valid applications in presymptomatic juvenile glaucoma in individuals with causative MYOC mutations.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Julia E. Richards, PhD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 (richj{at}umich.edu).
Submitted for Publication: October 30, 2006; final revision received February 30, 2007; accepted May 18, 2007.
Author Contributions: Drs Richards and Rozsa had access to all of the data and take full responsibility for the findings.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Funding/Support: This work was supported by grants EY07003 (core grant, Kellogg Eye Center) and EY09580 (Dr Richards) from the National Institutes of Health, unrestricted grants from Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc to the Kellogg Eye Center, and the Van Arnam Glaucoma Research Fund of the University of Michigan Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.
Author Affiliations: Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Drs Rozsa, Pawar, Moroi, and Richards and Ms Scott) and Epidemiology (Dr Richards), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
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48. Vollrath D, Liu Y. Temperature sensitive secretion of mutant myocilins. Exp Eye Res. 2006;82(6):1030-1036.
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49. Wiggs JL, Vollrath D. Molecular and clinical evaluation of a patient hemizygous for TIGR/MYOC. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(11):1674-1678.
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50. Lam DS, Leung YF, Chua JK; et al. Truncations in the TIGR gene in individuals with and without primary open-angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(6):1386-1391.
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51. Gould DB, Miceli-Libby L, Savinova OV; et al. Genetically increasing Myoc expression supports a necessary pathologic role of abnormal proteins in glaucoma. Mol Cell Biol. 2004;24(20):9019-9025.
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52. Kim BS, Savinova OV, Reedy MV; et al. Targeted disruption of the myocilin gene (Myoc) suggests that human glaucoma-causing mutations are gain of function. Mol Cell Biol. 2001;21(22):7707-7713.
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SECTION EDITOR: JANEY L. WIGGS, MD, PhD
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