 |
|
Genetic Etiologies of Glaucoma
Janey L. Wiggs, MD, PhD
Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(1):30-37.
ABSTRACT
Glaucoma can be inherited as a mendelian autosomal-dominant or autosomal-recessive trait, or as a complex multifactorial trait. Genetic approaches have helped define the underlying molecular events responsible for some mendelian forms of the disease and have identified the chromosome locations of genes that are likely to contribute to common complex forms. Future directions include the discovery of new glaucoma genes, determining the clinical phenotypes associated with specific genes and mutations, investigating environmental factors that may contribute to the disease, investigating gene-environment interactions and gene-gene interactions, and developing a mutation database that can be used for diagnostic and prognostic testing.
INTRODUCTION
Glaucoma is the third most prevalent cause of visual impairment and blindness among white Americans and is the leading cause of blindness among black Americans.1 All forms of glaucoma have in common optic nerve degeneration characterized by typical visual field defects and are usually associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). In most instances, the elevation of IOP results from impaired drainage of aqueous humor (produced by the ciliary body) through the trabecular meshwork outflow pathways. Glaucoma causes irreversible blindness that can only be prevented by therapeutic intervention at early stages of the disease.
A family history of the disease has long been recognized as a major risk factor for glaucoma, suggesting that specific gene defects contribute to the pathogenesis of the disorder.2 Glaucoma may be inherited as mendelian-dominant or mendelian-recessive traits (usually early-onset forms of the disease), or may exhibit a heritable susceptibility consistent with complex trait inheritance (typically adult-onset forms of the disease).
GENETIC APPROACHES
The identification of the molecular events responsible for glaucoma has been difficult because of a general lack of knowledge about the cellular and biochemical events that are necessary for the normal regulation of IOP and retinal ganglion cell function. Access to diseased human tissue is also difficult and animal models have only recently been developed and characterized.3 The advantage of a genetic approach is that the responsible protein can be identified without access to diseased tissue. The identification of genes (and their protein products) that can cause or contribute to glaucoma will help define the underlying pathophysiology, as well as lead to the development of new DNA-based diagnostic tests and novel therapeutic approaches.
The availability of predictive tests would provide a mechanism for early detection and treatment. Those individuals at risk who are identified early in the course of the disease and who begin therapy prior to significant damage to the optic nerve will have the best chance of maintaining useful sight.
Genes associated with forms of glaucoma that exhibit autosomal-dominant, autosomal-recessive, and other mendelian inheritance patterns can be located in the human genome using large affected pedigrees (typically at least 11 members) and standard linkage analysis. Once the chromosomal location of the gene is determined, the genes found within the linkage region can be evaluated for association with the disease. The simplicity of this overall approach has lead to substantial success and most of the genes currently known to be associated with various forms of glaucoma were identified using these methods (Table).
|
|
|
|
Table. Chromosomal Locations of Genes Associated With Glaucoma
|
|
|
Common forms of adult-onset glaucoma, including primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), typically do not exhibit mendelian inheritance patterns. These common age-related ocular disorders do have a significant heritability; however, the genetic contributions to these disorders are complex, resulting from interactions of multiple genetic factors, and are susceptible to the influence of environmental exposures. Discovering genes that contribute to disorders with complex inheritance is more difficult. Among the factors that contribute to the challenge of discovering complex disease genes are the underlying molecular heterogeneity, imprecise definition of phenotypes, inadequately powered study designs, and the inability of standard sets of microsatellite markers to extract complete information about inheritance. Genome scans using families demonstrating clustering of complex diseases (largely sibpairs) typically lead to the identification of a number of large genetic intervals containing many possible candidate genes.4-6 Using families affected with rare mendelian forms of complex diseases is another path to the desired genes. This approach has been successful in the identification of some ocular disease genes7-9; however, most of the identified genes do not appear to have a major role in the complex phenotype.10-13 Recent efforts using whole genome–association methods and very large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms have successfully identified genetic factors conferring susceptibility to complex diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration,14-18 and it is expected that this will be a useful approach for adult-onset glaucoma.
GENES ASSOCIATED WITH FORMS OF GLAUCOMA WITH MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
Typically, early-onset forms of glaucoma are inherited as mendelian-dominant or mendelian-recessive traits, including early-onset open-angle glaucoma19-23; congenital glaucoma24; development glaucomas, including Rieger syndrome,25-28 glaucoma associated with nail-patella syndrome,29 and nanophthalmos30; and glaucoma associated with pigment dispersion syndrome.31-34
Congenital Glaucoma
In patients with congenital glaucoma, the development of the anterior segment of the eye and aqueous humor outflow pathways is abnormal, causing high IOP. Congenital glaucoma can be inherited as an autosomal-recessive trait and is prevalent in countries where consanguinity is common.35-36 Using consanguineous pedigrees from Saudi Arabia and Turkey, defects in the CYP1B1 gene coding for a protein that is a member of the cytochrome P450 family were found in individuals affected with congenital glaucoma. Subsequently, mutations in this gene have also been found in patients with congenital glaucoma from many countries including Slovakia (gypsies) and Japan, and from countries with more heterogeneous populations, such as the United States and Brazil. A loss of protein function is probably the underlying genetic mechanism, as most of the mutations are deletions, insertions, or missense mutations occurring in highly conserved protein regions that are necessary for its function.37 Recurrent mutations have been found in patients from varied ethnic backgrounds. Recent work indicates the recurrent mutations are on ancient chromosomes that have a common haplotype.38 The cytochrome P450 that is the product of the CYP1B1 gene participates in the metabolism of many compounds, including 17β-estradiol. It has been hypothesized that alterations in the metabolism of estrogens may be the basis for the ocular abnormalities associated with defects in this gene.39-40
Most patients with congenital glaucoma caused by mutations in CYP1B1 have a severe case of the disease; however, there are some families with significant variation in phenotypic severity and even reduced penetrance, which is evident from the observation of apparently unaffected homozygote carriers.41 In mice, tyrosinase activity has been shown to modify the severity of the anterior segment defects caused by CYP1B1 deficiency42; however, this result has not been found in humans.43 Linkage studies have identified at least 1 other chromosomal region that is likely to harbor a gene for congenital glaucoma (1p36)44; numerous cytogenetic reports indicate other chromosome regions that may harbor congenital glaucoma genes.45 In addition, autosomal-dominant forms of congenital glaucoma have been identified.46
Developmental Syndromes (Axenfeld-Rieger, Nail-patella Syndrome, Aniridia, and Nanophthalmos)
In addition to congenital glaucoma, other forms of glaucoma are associated with abnormal development of the anterior segment of the eye. Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, characterized by posterior embryotoxon, iris hypoplasia, and iridocorneal adhesions, can be caused by mutations in the PITX2 gene.47 Defects in the FOXC1 gene are found in patients with anterior segment dysgenesis.48-49 Patients with defects in both of these genes may also have associated systemic defects involving the teeth, facial bones, heart, and umbilicus. Abnormalities in the PAX6 gene cause aniridia, as well as a spectrum of iris abnormalities related to glaucoma.50 Nail-patella syndrome is a systemic developmental disease associated with glaucoma caused by defects in LMX1B.51 An autosomal-dominant form of nanophthalmos associated with vitroretinochoroidopathy has been shown to be caused by abnormalities in the VMD2 gene.52
The genes responsible for these disorders participate in the regulation of gene expression during development,53-55 specifically in the development of the periocular mesenchyme, which includes neural crest– and cranial paraxial mesoderm–derived cells.55-57 These developmental disorders are all inherited as autosomal-dominant traits, and in general, the DNA defects lead to loss of function of the protein and haploinsufficiency.47-51
Intrafamilial variability in disease severity is commonly encountered in pedigrees carrying defects in these genes. The variable phenotypic expressivity may be caused by dosage effects or by the coexistence of other genes that can modify the expression of the trait.
Early-Onset POAG
Defects in the MYOC gene coding for the myocilin protein were first associated with early-onset POAG. Up to 20% of patients with early-onset POAG and 3%-5% of patients with adult-onset POAG have defects in this gene.10-11 Some mutations are specifically associated with early-onset disease, while others are more common in adult-onset patients. One study has suggested that heterozygous defects of the CYP1B1 gene can influence the severity of disease caused by mutations in MYOC.58 This result may indicate that these 2 proteins affect the same biochemical pathway.
In patients with both early- and late-onset disease, the majority of the causative mutations are found in the olfactomedin domain of the protein, which is encoded by sequences found in the third exon of the gene.11 Myocilin is one member of a family of olfactomedin domain–containing proteins that are, in general, glycoproteins that function in the extracellular environment.59
Although the clustering of glaucoma-associated mutations in the olfactomedin domain and the participation of olfactomedins in extra- cellular processes suggests that the myocilin protein functions in the extracellular matrix, the role of the normal protein in the outflow pathways is not well understood. Several studies suggest that myocilin is not needed for normal aqueous humor outflow.60-62 The normal protein has been detected in the extracellular matrix,63-64 suggesting it is secreted from the cell; studies have indicated that the mutant forms of the protein are not secreted.65-67
It is likely that mutant forms of the myocilin protein have an abnormal function that may result in retention of the abnormal form of the protein in the cell.68-69 Mutant myocilin proteins form heterodimers and heteromultimers with wild-type myocilin and these heteromultimeric complexes remain sequestered intracellularly.70
Disease-causing myocilin mutants appear to be misfolded and are highly aggregation prone, causing large-protein aggregates to accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum. Secretion of mutant myocilin has been shown to be temperature sensitive, which supports the hypothesis that myocilin-induced glaucoma is a protein-conformational disease.71-72 Mutations associated with glaucoma also inhibit an intracellular endoproteolytic cleavage of myocilin that normally releases the olfactomedin domain.73 Mutant forms of the protein may be toxic to the trabecular cells or may prevent the processing and secretion of other proteins that are necessary for the normal function of the trabecular outflow pathways. Further studies will be required to determine the actual mechanism of myocilin-associated glaucoma.
NEW GENES ASSOCIATED WITH MENDELIAN FORMS OF GLAUCOMA SUPPORTED BY LINKAGE STUDIES
For a number of glaucoma-associated genes, the chromosomal location of the gene has been determined by linkage studies. The gene has yet to be identified.
Anterior Segment Dysgenesis Syndromes
Linkage studies and chromosome-deletion analyses suggest that genes responsible for anterior segment developmental abnormalities are located on chromosomes 13q14,28 4p,74 16q,75 and 20p.76 In mice, several genes have been suggested as responsible for ocular developmental defects leading to glaucoma, including Bmp4,77-78 Foxe3,79 and Tgfb2.80
Pigment Dispersion Syndrome
Of the individuals with clinical evidence of pigment dispersion syndrome, approximately 50% will develop glaucoma. In humans the disease can be sporadic or inherited, with most pedigrees demonstrating autosomal-dominant inheritance patterns.31-33 Specific genes responsible for the human condition have not yet been identified; however, linkage studies suggest that 1 gene is located on chromosome 7q36.33 The DBA2 mouse spontaneously develops a syndrome similar to human pigment dispersion syndrome and pigmentary glaucoma.81 Two genes in the mouse contribute to the disease: TYRP1 (Tyrosinase-related protein 1) and Gpnmb (Glycoprotein NMB).82 Both of these genes are involved in pigment production and/or stabilization of melanosomes. Neither of these genes contribute to the disease in humans.83
Nanophthalmos
Nanophthalmos can be inherited as an autosomal-recessive or autosomal-dominant trait, and affected patients are at risk for angle-closure glaucoma. One gene, MFRP (membrane-type Frizzled-related protein), located on chromosome 11q23, has been shown to be associated with autosomal-recessive nanopthlamos.84 Mutations in a second gene, VMD2 (vitelliform macular dystrophy 2, also known as bestrophin), located on chromosome 11q13 have been found in patients with an autosomal-dominant form of nanophthalmos, also associated with viteroretinochroidopathy.52 Finally, a third gene on chromosome 11 has been located but not yet discovered.30
Early-Onset POAG
Although mutations in myocilin are currently the most identifiable cause of early-onset POAG, most cases (80%) are not caused by myocilin mutations.10-11,85 Three new chromosome locations of genes responsible for POAG have been identified on chromosomes 9q22 (GLC1J) and 20p12 (GLC1K),86 and on chromosome 5q.87
GENES ASSOCIATED WITH FORMS OF GLAUCOMA WITH COMPLEX INHERITANCE
Adult-onset forms of glaucoma, including POAG, low-tension glaucoma, and glaucoma associated with pseudoexfoliation, are inherited as complex traits. A positive family history is a major risk factor for these conditions, which suggests that specific gene defects are likely to contribute.88-92 However, a simple mode inheritance is not evident, and a single underlying susceptibility gene is not likely. It is more likely that multiple genes contribute to these phenotypes and that environmental conditions may also participate. Because a genetic model cannot be defined, methods to identify genes responsible for these conditions are more complex than those used for mendelian disorders. Genome scans and model-free analyses have been performed using families demonstrating clustering of complex diseases (largely sibpairs), as well as families affected with rare forms showing apparent mendelian inheritance.
Low-tension Glaucoma
In patients with low-tension glaucoma, degeneration of the optic nerve occurs even though the IOPs are not abnormally elevated. In patients with low-tension glaucoma, the clinical appearance of the optic nerve is similar to the appearance of the optic nerve in the Kjer form of autosomal-dominant optic atrophy. Loss of function mutations in the OPA1 gene are responsible for Kjer autosomal-dominant optic atrophy; polymorphisms in the OPA1 gene may be associated with low-tension glaucoma in some cases.92
Low-tension glaucoma has also been associated with mutations in a novel gene, OPTN.9 The protein optineurin is expressed in many ocular and nonocular tissues, including the trabecular meshwork, nonpigmented ciliary epithelium, retina, brain, heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreas. Optineurin may participate in the tissue necrosis factor  signaling pathway, which has been proposed to be one pathway involved in retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in patients with low-tension glaucoma and in patients with POAG.93-94 It has been speculated that the optineurin protein may function to protect the optic nerve from tissue necrosis factor –mediated apoptosis and that the loss of function of this protein may decrease the threshold for ganglion cell apoptosis in patients with glaucoma.
Missense mutation in optineurin is an infrequent cause of low-tension glaucoma, with a possible increase in prevalence in the Japanese population.95-96 The E50K mutation, although exceedingly rare, has been associated with a severe form of low-tension glaucoma, characterized by significant loss of optic nerve function at relatively early ages.97-98 Surprisingly, researchers have not found optineurin mutations at an increased frequency in patients with typical high-pressure glaucoma, arguing that this gene does not contribute to adult-onset POAG.13, 99
Studies of lymphocytes in patients with low-tension glaucoma have demonstrated altered expression of the p53 gene, a known regulator of apoptosis.100 Abnormal regulation of apoptosis may be one mechanism of low-tension glaucoma. Although not true for optineurin, the possibility remains that genes that predispose patients to low-tension glaucoma may also contribute to nerve degeneration in patients with POAG associated with increased IOP.
Adult-Onset POAG
Primary open-angle glaucoma commonly occurs after age 50 years and is usually associated with elevated IOP. The relationship between pressure elevation and optic nerve disease is not linear, suggesting that variability in optic nerve susceptibility exists among glaucoma patients. Adult-onset glaucoma often occurs in multiple family members (familial aggregation) but does not usually follow a clear mendelian inheritance pattern, suggesting that inherited risk factors can result in a susceptibility to the disease but alone are not necessarily causative. Multiple risk factors and/or environmental factors may be responsible for this disease in older individuals.
Defects in MYOC coding for myocilin are found in 3% to 5% of patients with adult-onset POAG.10-11 Certain MYOC mutations are more commonly found in older-onset patients than in early-onset patients.101 In particular, the nonsense mutation Q368X, which results in a truncated polypeptide, is more frequently found in patients with adult-onset POAG than in patients with early-onset POAG.102 Studies have shown that the Q368X mutation demonstrates a founder effect in white patients, which is possibly one explanation for its higher prevalence.103 In an in vitro assay that correlates the solubility of mutant forms of myocilin with clinical severity, the Q368X mutation is less likely to form a precipitate, supporting the suggestion that the Q368X mutation causes a milder form of the disease.68
Recently, DNA sequence changes have been identified in the WDR36 gene, located within the chromosomal region defined as GLC1G.104 Although the function of the protein product is unknown and the role of the protein in glaucoma remains to be confirmed,105 prior studies suggest that it may participate in immune responses106; other studies have also suggested that glaucoma may be influenced by immune reactivity.107 Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that mutations in the WDR36 gene are not an independent cause of glaucoma but may modify the severity of the disease in an affected person.108
NEW GENES ASSOCIATED WITH COMPLEX FORMS OF GLAUCOMA SUPPORTED BY LINKAGE STUDIES
Adult-Onset POAG
Using mendelian (model-dependent) linkage approaches and small numbers of large pedigrees affected by POAG, 7 genetic loci have been described for POAG (GLC1A-G),21, 104, 109-113 and glaucoma-predisposing genes have been identified in 3 of these loci: GLC1A, myocilin7; GLC1E, optineurin9; and GLC1G, WDR36.104 Each of these genes is only responsible for a small fraction of cases of POAG, reflecting the small percentage of POAG that is inherited as a mendelian trait rather than as a complex trait.
Genomic studies using model-free linkage analysis (complex disease gene approaches) have identified the chromosome locations of adult-onset POAG susceptibility genes. Using mainly white US sibling pairs affected by POAG, 7 genomic regions were identified,6 and recent follow-up information on this population demonstrates additional evidence for POAG-susceptibility loci on chromosomes 14q11 (locus pending) (J.L.W., unpublished data, 2006) and 15q (GLC1I).114-115 A study of sibling pairs from Barbados affected by POAG has identified 2 regions on chromosomes 2q and 10p as highly significant for POAG in this population,116 and a study of West Africans selected for elevated IOP have found loci on 5q and 14q.117 Because these studies were conducted using a large number of families affected by typical late-onset glaucoma, the genes located in these chromosome regions are likely to be significant risk factors for POAG. Single nucleotide polymorphism–based approaches are proving successful for complex diseases,14-18 and the application of these technologies to adult-onset POAG is the focus of current studies.
Pseudoexfoliation
Although a linkage study has not yet been completed for pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, systemic abnormalities, including elevation of homocysteine, have been identified in affected patients.118-120 Evaluating the genetic factors that contribute to these systemic problems may lead to new insights about this common form of glaucoma.
GENES ASSOCIATED WITH PRIMARY OPTIC NEUROPATHIES
Inherited disorders of the optic nerve include degenerative processes (primarily glaucoma, as described previously), as well as primary disorders causing optic nerve atrophy.121 Mitochondrial function is a critical element in optic nerve disease: Leber hereditary optic neuropathy is caused by missense mutations in mitochondrial DNA,122 while Kjer autosomal-dominant optic atrophy is caused by mutations in the OPA1 gene. The protein product of OPA1, a dynamin-related GTPase, also has a role in mitochondrial function.123 OPA1 DNA sequence variants may be associated with low-tension glaucoma in some patients.92
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Genotype-Phenotype Correlations and Clinical Outcomes Studies
The clinical features that define glaucoma phenotypes associated with specific mutations (genotypes) must be established before useful clinical information can be acquired from DNA-based diagnostic testing. For the genes that have been identified as responsible for glaucoma, or associated with glaucoma, clinical information about the onset of disease, course of disease, and response to therapy needs to be collected. As new genes responsible for different forms of inherited glaucoma are discovered, clinical disease features should be correlated with specific mutations. These genotype-phenotype studies will include the answers to the following questions: (1) What is the range of phenotypic variation of a given mutation, ie, can one predict the prognosis of the disease knowing the specific mutation responsible for the disease? (2) Are certain mutations associated with particular aspects of the disease phenotype? (3) Are certain mutations necessary but not sufficient to cause the disease? Such mutations would require other additional genetic defects or environmental factors to be fully manifest. The development of genotype-phenotype databases for glaucoma genes and mutations will be an important step toward clinically useful DNA-based diagnostic testing for glaucoma.
Identification of New Genes
Genetic factors are at least in part responsible for all forms of glaucoma, with the exception of glaucoma related to trauma and infection. Currently, the genetic origins of the majority of glaucoma cases are unknown, as the known genes account for only a small fraction of heritable cases. With the advent of single nucleotide polymorphism–based technologies, it is likely that a number of genes responsible for glaucoma will be identified in the next 5 years. Genes that contribute to glaucoma may influence elevation of IOP or susceptibility to optic nerve degeneration, or both. It is highly likely, as in any complex disease, that complex forms of glaucoma, such as adult-onset POAG, result not only from the independent actions of multiple genes but also from the interaction of multiple genes (epistasis).
Gene-Environment Interactions
For late-onset diseases it is likely that the genetically determined disease features are more sensitive to environmental influences because of disruption of normal physiologic homeostatic mechanisms. Currently, little is known about environmental factors that may influence the onset or progression of adult-onset POAG. Recent studies suggest that factors related to glaucoma metabolism and type II diabetes mellitus may increase the risk of glaucoma.124 Another interesting gene-environment interaction that predisposes patients to glaucoma is steroid responsiveness, both from endogeneous steroids (ie, stress) and pharmacologic steroids.125 Evaluation of environmental factors that may be associated with POAG is ongoing, and investigations into specific gene-environment interactions in patients with adult-onset POAG is also under way.
Developing a Diagnostic Panel for Patients at Risk for Glaucoma
One of the goals of disease gene discovery is the development of predictive diagnostic tests. For a disease such as glaucoma, where early treatment can be beneficial, diagnostic tests designed to identify individuals at risk for the disease can be particularly valuable. Current testing for glaucoma genes is limited to genes that are known to be associated with glaucoma and is primarily diagnostic, rather than prognostic. Except for specific mutations in the MYOC and OPTN genes, details regarding the predicted clinical course associated with a glaucoma gene mutation cannot be provided. Genotype-phenotype studies as outlined earlier will help define the prognostic aspects of currently known glaucoma gene mutations. Ultimately the goal is to discover a complete panel of genes that contribute to glaucoma and develop diagnostic and prognostic correlates for the mutations found in each gene. Such a panel would provide a mechanism to identify individuals at risk for the disease and initiate timely treatment before irreversible optic nerve degeneration and blindness occurs.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Janey L. Wiggs, MD, PhD, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA 02114 (janey_wiggs{at}meei.harvard.edu).
Submitted for Publication: August 4, 2006; final revision received September 24, 2006; accepted September 26, 2006.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Author Affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
REFERENCES
1. Friedman DS, Wolfs RC, O'Colmain BJ; et al. Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:532-538.
FREE FULL TEXT
2. Weih LM, Nanjan M, McCarty CA, Taylor HR. Prevalence and predictors of open-angle glaucoma: results from the visual impairment project. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:1966-1972.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
3. Inman DM, Sappington RM, Horner PJ, Calkins DJ. Quantitative correlation of optic nerve pathology with ocular pressure and corneal thickness in the DBA/2 mouse model of glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:986-996.
FREE FULL TEXT
4. Fisher SA, Abecasis GR, Yashar BM; et al. Meta-analysis of genome scans of age-related macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet. 2005;14:2257-2264.
FREE FULL TEXT
5. Stambolian D, Ibay G, Reider L; et al. Genomewide linkage scan for myopia susceptibility loci among Ashkenazi Jewish families show evidence of linkage on chromosome 22q12. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;75:448-459.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
6. Wiggs JL, Allingham RR, Hossain A; et al. Genome-wide scan for adult onset primary open angle glaucoma. Hum Mol Genet. 2000;9:1109-1117.
FREE FULL TEXT
7. Stone EM, Fingert JH, Alward WL; et al. Identification of a gene that causes primary open angle glaucoma. Science. 1997;275:668-670.
FREE FULL TEXT
8. Allikmets R, Singh N, Sun H; et al. A photoreceptor cell-specific ATP-binding transporter gene (ABCR) is mutated in recessive Stargardt macular dystrophy. Nat Genet. 1997;15:236-246.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
9. Rezaie T, Child A, Hitchings R; et al. Adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma caused by mutations in optineurin. Science. 2002;295:1077-1079.
FREE FULL TEXT
10. Wiggs JL, Allingham RR, Vollrath D; et al. Prevalence of mutations in TIGR/Myocilin in patients with adult and juvenile primary open-angle glaucoma. Am J Hum Genet. 1998;63:1549-1552.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
11. Fingert JH, Heon E, Liebmann JM; et al. Analysis of myocilin mutations in 1703 glaucoma patients from five different populations. Hum Mol Genet. 1999;8:899-905.
FREE FULL TEXT
12. De La Paz MA, Guy VK, Abou-Donia S; et al. Analysis of the Stargardt disease gene (ABCR) in age-related degeneration. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:1531-1536.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
13. Wiggs JL, Auguste J, Allingham RR; et al. Lack of association of mutations in optineurin with disease in patients with adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:1181-1183.
FREE FULL TEXT
14. Haines JL, Hauser MA, Schmidt S; et al. Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Science. 2005;308:419-421.
FREE FULL TEXT
15. Edwards AO, Ritter R III, Abel KJ, Manning A, Panhuysen C, Farrer LA. Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration. Science. 2005;308:421-424.
FREE FULL TEXT
16. Klein RJ, Zeiss C, Chew EY; et al. Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration. Science. 2005;308:385-389.
FREE FULL TEXT
17. Hageman GS, Anderson DH, Johnson LV; et al. A common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H (HF1/CFH) predisposes individuals to age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:7227-7232.
FREE FULL TEXT
18. Zareparsi S, Branham KE, Li M; et al. Strong association of the Y402H variant in complement factor H at 1q32 with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;77:149-153.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
19. Allen TD, Ackerman WG. Hereditary glaucoma in a pedigree of three generations. Arch Ophthalmol. 1942;27:139-157.
FREE FULL TEXT
20. Johnson AT, Drack AV, Kwitek AE, Cannon RL, Stone EM, Alward WL. Clinical features and linkage analysis of a family with autosomal dominant juvenile glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:524-529.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
21. Sheffield VC, Stone EM, Alward WLM; et al. Genetic linkage of familial open-angle glaucoma to chromosome 1q21-q31. Nat Genet. 1993;4:47-50.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
22. Richards JE, Lichter PR, Boehnke M; et al. Mapping of a gene for autosomal dominant juvenile-onset open-angle glaucoma to chromosome Iq. Am J Hum Genet. 1994;54:62-70.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
23. Wiggs JL, Del Bono EA, Schuman JS, Hutchinson BT, Walton DS. Clinical features of five pedigrees genetically linked to the juvenile glaucoma locus on chromosome 1q21-q31. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:1782-1789.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
24. Gencik A. Epidemiology and genetics of primary congenital glaucoma in Slovakia: description of a form of primary congenital glaucoma in gypsies with autosomal dominant inheritance and complete penetrance. Dev Ophthalmol. 1989;16:76-115.
PUBMED
25. Fitch N, Kaback M. The Axenfeld syndrome and the Rieger syndrome. J Med Genet. 1978;15:30-34.
FREE FULL TEXT
26. Murray JC, Bennett SR, Kwitek AE; et al. Linkage of Rieger syndrome to the region of the epidermal growth factor gene on chromosome 4. Nat Genet. 1992;2:46-49.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
27. Mears AJ, Mirzayans F, Gould DB; et al. Autosomal dominant iridogoniodysgensis anomaly maps to 6p25. Am J Hum Genet. 1996;59:1321-1327.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
28. Phillips JC, del Bono EA, Haines JL; et al. A second locus for Rieger syndrome maps to chromosome 13q14. Am J Hum Genet. 1996;59:613-619.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
29. Lichter PR, Richards JE, Downs CA, Stringham HM, Boehnke M, Farley FA. Cosegregation of open-angle glaucoma and the nail-patella syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;124:506-515.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
30. Othman MI, Sullivan SA, Skuta GL; et al. Autosomal dominant nanophthalmos (NNO1) with high hyperopia and angle-closure glaucoma maps to chromosome 11. Am J Hum Genet. 1998;63:1411-1418.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
31. Mandelkorn RM, Hoffman ME, Olander KW, Zimmerman TJ, Harsha D. Inheritance and the pigmentary dispersion syndrome. Ann Ophthalmol. 1983;15:577-582.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
32. Paglinauan C, Haines JL, DelBono EA, Schuman J, Stawski SK, Wiggs JL. Exclusion of chromosome 1q21-q31 from linkage to three pedigrees affected by the pigment dispersion syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 1995;56:1240-1243.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
33. Andersen JS, Pralea AM, DelBono EA; et al. A gene responsible for the pigment dispersion syndrome maps to chromosome 7q35-q36. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:384-388.
FREE FULL TEXT
34. Bovell AM, Damji KF, Dohadwala AA, Hodge WG, Allingham RR. Familial occurrence of pigment dispersion syndrome. Can J Ophthalmol. 2001;36:11-17.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
35. Stoilov I, Akarsu AN, Sarfarazi M. Identification of three different truncating mutations in cytochrome P4501B1 (CYP1B1) as the principal cause of primary congenital glaucoma (Buphthalmos) in families linked to the GLC3A locus on chromosome 2p21. Hum Mol Genet. 1997;6:641-647.
FREE FULL TEXT
36. Bejjani BA, Lewis RA, Tomey KF; et al. Mutations in CYP1B1, the gene for P4501B1, are the predominant cause of primary congenital glaucoma in Saudi Arabia. Am J Hum Genet. 1998;62:325-333.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
37. Stoilov I, Akarsu AN, Alozie I; et al. Sequence analysis and homology modeling suggest that primary congenital glaucoma on 2p21 results from mutations disrupting either the hinge region or the conserved core structures of cytochrome P4501B1. Am J Hum Genet. 1998;62:573-584.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
38. Sena DF, Finzi S, Rodgers K, Del Bono E, Haines JL, Wiggs JL. Founder mutations of CYP1B1 gene in patients with congenital glaucoma from the United States and Brazil. J Med Genet. 2004;41:e6.
FREE FULL TEXT
39. Tsuchiya Y, Nakajima M, Kyo S, Kanaya T, Inoue M, Yokoi T. Human CYP1B1 is regulated by estradiol via estrogen receptor. Cancer Res. 2004;64:3119-3125.
FREE FULL TEXT
40. Jansson I, Stoilov I, Sarfarazi M, Schenkman JB. Effect of two mutations of human CYP1B1, G61E and R469W, on stability and endogenous steroid substrate metabolism. Pharmacogenetics. 2001;11:793-801.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
41. Bejjani BA, Stockton DW, Lewis RA; et al. Multiple CYP1B1 mutations and incomplete penetrance in an inbred population segregating primary congenital glaucoma suggest frequent de novo events and a dominant modifier locus. Hum Mol Genet. 2000;9:367-374.
FREE FULL TEXT
42. Libby RT, Smith RS, Savinova OV; et al. Modification of ocular defects in mouse developmental glaucoma models by tyrosinase. Science. 2003;299:1578-1581.
FREE FULL TEXT
43. Bidinost C, Hernandez N, Edward DP; et al. Of mice and men: tyrosinase modification of congenital glaucoma in mice but not in humans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:1486-1490.
FREE FULL TEXT
44. Akarsu AN, Turacli ME, Aktan SG; et al. A second locus (GLC3B) for primary congenital glaucoma (Buphthalmos) maps to the 1p36 region. Hum Mol Genet. 1996;5:1199-1203.
FREE FULL TEXT
45. Cohn AC, Kearns LS, Savarirayan R, Ryan J, Craig JE, Mackey DA. Chromosomal abnormalities and glaucoma: a case of congenital glaucoma with trisomy 8q22-qter/monosomy 9p23-pter. Ophthalmic Genet. 2005;26:45-53.
PUBMED
46. Simha N, Verin P, Gauthier L. Congenital glaucoma of dominant autosomal transmission apropos of a family [in French]. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr. 1989;89:1149-1151.
PUBMED
47. Semina EV, Reiter R, Leysens NJ; et al. Cloning and characterization of a novel bicoid-related homeobox transcription factor gene, RIEG, involved in Rieger syndrome. Nat Genet. 1996;14:392-399.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
48. Nishimura DY, Searby CC, Alward WL; et al. A spectrum of FOXC1 mutations suggests gene dosage as a mechanism for developmental defects of the anterior chamber of the eye. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;68:364-372.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
49. Mears AJ, Jordan T, Mirzayans F; et al. Mutations of the forkhead/winged-helix gene, FKHL7, in patients with Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly. Am J Hum Genet. 1998;63:1316-1328.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
50. Van Heyningen V, Williamson KA. PAX6 in sensory development. Hum Mol Genet. 2002;11:1161-1167.
FREE FULL TEXT
51. Hamlington JD, Jones C, McIntosh I. Twenty-two novel LMX1B mutations identified in nail patella syndrome (NPS) patients. Hum Mutat. 2001;18:458.
PUBMED
52. Yardley J, Leroy BP, Hart-Holden N; et al. Mutations of VMD2 splicing regulators cause nanophthalmos and autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy (ADVIRC). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:3683-3689.
FREE FULL TEXT
53. Lines MA, Kozlowski K, Walter MA. Molecular genetics of Axenfeld-Rieger malformations. Hum Mol Genet. 2002;11:1177-1184.
FREE FULL TEXT
54. Gould DB, John SWM. Anterior segment dysgenesis and the developmental glaucomas are complex traits. Hum Mol Genet. 2002;11:1185-1193.
FREE FULL TEXT
55. Trainor PA, Tam PP. Cranial paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells of the mouse embryo: co-distribution in the craniofacial mesenchyme but distinct segregation in branchial arches. Development. 1995;121:2569-2582.
ABSTRACT
56. Beebe DC, Coats JM. The lens organizes the anterior segment: specification of neural crest cell differentiation in the avian eye. Dev Biol. 2000;220:424-431.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
57. Fuhrmann S, Levine EM, Reh TA. Extraocular mesenchyme patterns the optic vesicle during early eye development in the embryonic chick. Development. 2000;127:4599-4609.
ABSTRACT
58. Vincent AL, Billingsley G, Buys Y; et al. Digenic inheritance of early-onset glaucoma: CYP1B1, a potential modifier gene. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;70:448-460.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
59. Kulkarni NH, Karavanich C, Atchley W, Anholt R. Characterization and differential expression of a human gene family of olfactomedin-related proteins. Genet Res. 2000;76:41-50.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
60. Lam DS, Leung YF, Chua JK; et al. Truncations in the TIGR gene in individuals with and without primary open-angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1386-1391.
FREE FULL TEXT
61. Wiggs JL, Vollrath D. Molecular and clinical evaluation of a patient hemizygous for TIGR/MYOC. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1674-1678.
FREE FULL TEXT
62. Kim BS, Savinova OV, Reedy MV; et al. Targeted disruption of the myocilin gene (Myoc) suggests that human glaucoma-causing mutations are gain of function. Mol Cell Biol. 2001;21:7707-7713.
FREE FULL TEXT
63. Ueda J, Wentz-Hunter K, Yue BY. Distribution of myocilin and extracellular matrix components in the juxtacanalicular tissue of human eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:1068-1076.
FREE FULL TEXT
64. Filla MS, Liu X, Nguyen TD; et al. In vitro localization of TIGR/MYOC in trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix and binding to fibronectin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:151-161.
FREE FULL TEXT
65. Jacobson N, Andrews M, Shepard AR; et al. Non-secretion of mutant proteins of the glaucoma gene myocilin in cultured trabecular meshwork cells and in aqueous humor. Hum Mol Genet. 2001;10:117-125.
FREE FULL TEXT
66. Caballero M, Rowlette LL, Borras T. Altered secretion of a TIGR/MYOC mutant lacking the olfactomedin domain. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1502:447-460.
PUBMED
67. Zillig M, Wurm A, Grehn F, Russell P, Tamm ER. Overexpression and properties of wild-type and Tyr437His mutated myocilin in the eyes of transgenic mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:223-234.
FREE FULL TEXT
68. Zhou Z, Vollrath D. A cellular assay distinguishes normal and mutant TIGR/myocilin protein. Hum Mol Genet. 1999;8:2221-2228.
FREE FULL TEXT
69. Liu Y, Vollrath D. Reversal of mutant myocilin non-secretion and cell killing: implications for glaucoma. Hum Mol Genet. 2004;13:1193-1204.
FREE FULL TEXT
70. Gobeil S, Rodrigue MA, Moisan S; et al. Intracellular sequestration of hetero-oligomers formed by wild-type and glaucoma-causing myocilin mutants. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:3560-3567.
FREE FULL TEXT
71. Gobeil S, Letartre L, Raymond V. Functional analysis of the glaucoma-causing TIGR/myocilin protein: integrity of amino-terminal coiled-coil regions and olfactomedin homology domain is essential for extracellular adhesion and secretion. Exp Eye Res. 2006;82:1017-1029.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
72. Vollrath D, Liu Y. Temperature sensitive secretion of mutant myocilins. Exp Eye Res. 2006;82:1030-1036.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
73. Aroca-Aguilar JD, Sanchez-Sanchez F, Ghosh S, Coca-Prados M, Escribano J. Myocilin mutations causing glaucoma inhibit the intracellular endoprotelytic cleavage of myocilin between animo acids Arg 226 and Ile 227. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:21043-21051.
FREE FULL TEXT
74. Finzi S, Pinto CF, Wiggs JL. Molecular and clinical characterization of a patient with a chromosome 4p deletion, Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, and congenital glaucoma. Ophthalmic Genet. 2001;22:35-41.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
75. Ferguson JG Jr, Hicks EL. Rieger's anomaly and glaucoma associated with partial trisomy 16q: case report. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:323.
FREE FULL TEXT
76. Kogame K, Fukuhara T, Maeda A, Kudo Y. A partial short arm deletion of chromosome 20:46, XY, del(20)(p11). Jinrui Idengaku Zasshi. 1978;23:153-160.
PUBMED
77. Furuta Y, Hogan BL. BMP4 is essential for lens induction in the mouse embryo. Genes Dev. 1998;12:3764-3775.
FREE FULL TEXT
78. Chang B, Smith RS, Peters M; et al. Haploinsufficient Bmp4 ocular phenotypes include anterior segment dysgenesis with elevated intraocular pressure. BMC Genet. 2001;2:18.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
79. Blixt A, Mahlapuu M, Aitola M, Pelto-Huikko M, Enerback S, Carlsson P. A forkhead gene, FoxE3 is essential for lens epithelial proliferation and closure of the lens vesicle. Genes Dev. 2000;14:245-254.
FREE FULL TEXT
80. Saika S, Liu CY, Azhar M; et al. TGFbeta2 in corneal morphogenesis during mouse embryonic development. Dev Biol. 2001;240:419-432.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
81. John SW, Smith RS, Savinova OV; et al. Essential iris atrophy, pigment dispersion, and glaucoma in DBA/2J mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:951-962.
FREE FULL TEXT
82. Chang B, Smith RS, Hawes NL; et al. Interacting loci cause severe iris atrophy and glaucoma in DBA/2J mice. Nat Genet. 1999;21:405-409.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
83. Anderson MG, Smith RS, Hawes NL; et al. Mutations in genes encoding melanosomal proteins cause pigmentary glaucoma in DBA/2J mice. Nat Genet. 2002;30:81-85.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
84. Sundin OH, Leppert GS, Silva ED; et al. Extreme hyperopia is the result of null mutations in MFRP, which encodes a Frizzled-related protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:9553-9558.
FREE FULL TEXT
85. Bruttini M, Longo I, Frezzotti P; et al. Mutations in the myocilin gene in families with primary open-angle glaucoma and juvenile open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:1034-1038.
FREE FULL TEXT
86. Wiggs JL, Lynch S, Ynagi G; et al. A genomewide scan identifies novel early-onset primary open-angle glaucoma loci on 9q22 and 20p12. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;74:1314-1320.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
87. Pang CP, Fan BJ, Canlas O; et al. A genome-wide scan maps a novel juvenile-onset primary open angle glaucoma locus to chromosome 5q. Mol Vis. 2006;12:85-92.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
88. Budde WM, Jonas JB. Family history of glaucoma in the primary and secondary open-angle glaucomas. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1999;237:554-557.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
89. Damji KF, Bains HS, Amjadi K; et al. Familial occurrence of pseudoexfoliation in Canada. Can J Ophthalmol. 1999;34:257-265.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
90. Allingham RR, Loftsdottir M, Gottfredsdottir MS; et al. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome in Icelandic families. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85:702-707.
FREE FULL TEXT
91. Anderson DR, Drance SM, Schulzer M, Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group. Factors that predict the benefit of lowering intraocular pressure in normal tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:820-829.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
92. Aung T, Ocaka L, Ebenezer ND; et al. A major marker for normal tension glaucoma: association with polymorphisms in the OPA1 gene. Hum Genet. 2002;110:52-56.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
93. Yan X, Tezel G, Wax MB, Edward DP. Matrix metalloproteinases and tumor necrosis factor alpha in glaucomatous optic nerve head. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:666-673.
FREE FULL TEXT
94. Yuan L, Neufeld AH. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha: a potentially neurodestructive cytokine produced by glia in the human glaucomatous optic nerve head. Glia. 2000;32:42-50.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
95. Alward WL, Kwon YH, Kawase K; et al. Evaluation of optineurin sequence variations in 1,048 patients with open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:904-910.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
96. Tang S, Toda Y, Kashiwagi K; et al. The association between Japanese primary open-angle glaucoma and normal tension glaucoma patients and the optineurin gene. Hum Genet. 2003;113:276-279.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
97. Aung T, Rezaie T, Okada K; et al. Clinical features and course of patients with glaucoma with the E50K mutation in the optineurin gene. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:2816-2822.
FREE FULL TEXT
98. Hauser MA, Figueiredo Sena D, Flor JD; et al. Distribution of optineurin sequence variations in an ethnically diverse population of low tension glaucoma patients from the United States. J Glaucoma. 2006;15:358-363.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
99. Ariani F, Longo I, Frezzotti P; et al. Optineurin gene is not involved in the common high-tension form of primary open-angle glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006;244:1077-1082.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
100. Golubnitschaja-Labudova O, Liu R, Decker C, Zhu P, Haefliger IO, Flammer J. Altered gene expression in lymphocytes of patients with normal-tension glaucoma. Curr Eye Res. 2000;21:867-876.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
101. Alward WL, Fingert JH, Coote MA; et al. Clinical features associated with mutations in the chromosome 1 open-angle glaucoma gene (GLC1A). N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1022-1027.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
102. Angius A, Spinelli P, Ghilotti G; et al. Myocilin Gln368stop mutation and advanced age as risk factors for late-onset primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:674-679.
FREE FULL TEXT
103. Baird PN, Richardson AJ, Mackey DA, Craig JE, Faucher M, Raymond V. A common disease haplotype for the Q368STOP mutation of the myocilin gene in Australian and Canadian glaucoma families. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:760-762.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
104. Monemi S, Spaeth G, DaSilva A; et al. Identification of a novel adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) gene on 5q22.1. Hum Mol Genet. 2005;14:725-733.
FREE FULL TEXT
105. Hewitt AW, Dimasi DP, Mackey DA, Craig JE. A glaucoma case-control study of the WDR36 gene D658G sequence variant. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:324-325.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
106. Mao M, Biery MC, Kobayashi SV; et al. T lymphocyte activation gene identification by coregulated expression on DNA microarrays. Genomics. 2004;83:989-999.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
107. Yang J, Patil RV, Yu H, Gordon M, Wax MB. T cell subsets and sIL-2R/IL-2 levels in patients with glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131:421-426.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
108. Hauser MA, Allingham RR, Linkroum K; et al. Distribution of WDR36 DNA sequence variants in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:2542-2546.
FREE FULL TEXT
109. Stoilova D, Child A, Trifan O, Crick R, Coakes R, Sarfarazi M. Localization of a locus (GLC1B) for adult-onset primary open angle glaucoma to the 2cen-q13 region. Genomics. 1996;36:142-150.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
110. Wirtz MK, Samples J, Kramer P; et al. Mapping a gene for adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma to chromosome 3q. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;60:296-304.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
111. Trifan OC, Traboulsi E, Stoilova D; et al. A third locus (GLC1D) for adult-onsest primary open-angle glaucoma maps to the 8q23 region. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126:17-28.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
112. Sarfarazi M, Child A, Stoilova D; et al. Localization of the fourth locus (GLC1E) for adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma to the 10p15-p14 region. Am J Hum Genet. 1998;62:641-652.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
113. Wirtz MK, Samples J, Rust K; et al. GLC1F, a new primary open-angle glaucoma locus, maps to 7q35-q36. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:237-241.
FREE FULL TEXT
114. Allingham RR, Wiggs JL, Hauser E; et al. Early adult-onset POAG linked to 15q11-13 using ordered subsets analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:2002-2005.
FREE FULL TEXT
115. Woodroffe A, Krafchak CM, Fuse N; et al. Ordered subset analysis supports a glaucoma locus at GLC1I on chromosome 15 in families with earlier adult age at diagnosis. Exp Eye Res. 2006;82:1068-1074.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
116. Nemesure B, Jiao X, He Q; et al, Barbados Family Study Group. A genome-wide scan for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG): the Barbados Family Study of Open-Angle Glaucoma. Hum Genet. 2003;112:600-609.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
117. Rotimi CN, Chen G, Adeyemo AA; et al. Genomewide scan and fine mapping of quantitative trait loci for intraocular pressure on 5q and 14q in West Africans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:3262-3267.
FREE FULL TEXT
118. Leibovitch I, Kurtz S, Shemesh G; et al. Hyperhomocystinemia in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2003;12:36-39.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
119. Bleich S, Roedl J, Von Ahsen N; et al. Elevated homocysteine levels in aqueous humor of patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:162-164.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
120. Altintas O, Maral H, Yuksel N, Karabas VL, Dillioglugil MO, Caglar Y. Homocysteine and nitric oxide levels in plasma of patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome, pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, and primary open-angle glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243:677-683.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
121. Newman NJ. Hereditary optic neuropathies: from the mitochondria to the optic nerve. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:517-523.
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
122. Valentino ML, Barboni P, Ghelli A; et al. The ND1 gene of complex I is a mutational hot spot for Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Ann Neurol. 2004;56:631-641.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
123. Olichon A, Guillou E, Delettre C; et al. Mitochondrial dynamics and disease, OPA1. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1763:500-509.
PUBMED
124. Pasquale LR, Kang JH, Manson JE, Willett WC, Rosner BA, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of primary open-angle glaucoma in women. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:1081-1086.
FULL TEXT
|
WEB OF SCIENCE
| PUBMED
125. Zhang X, Clark AF, Yorio T. Regulation of glucocorticoid responsiveness in glaucomatous trabecular meshwork cells by glucocorticoid receptor-beta. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:4607-4616.
FREE FULL TEXT
 CiteULike  Connotea  Delicious  Digg  Facebook  Reddit  Technorati  Twitter
What's this?
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES
|
Quantitative Proteomics: TGF{beta}2 Signaling in Trabecular Meshwork Cells
Bollinger et al.
IOVS 2011;52:8287-8294.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Mitochondria-Targeted Peptide MTP-131 Alleviates Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Damage in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells
Chen et al.
IOVS 2011;52:7027-7037.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Application of Advanced Statistics in Ophthalmology
Fan et al.
IOVS 2011;52:6059-6065.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Patterns of organization in the development of medical know-how: the case of glaucoma research
Consoli and Ramlogan
Ind Corp Change 2011;0:dtr043v1-dtr043.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Genetic Dissection of the Gpnmb Network in the Eye
Lu et al.
IOVS 2011;52:4132-4142.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Genome-wide association studies in Asians confirm the involvement of ATOH7 and TGFBR3, and further identify CARD10 as a novel locus influencing optic disc area
Khor et al.
Hum Mol Genet 2011;20:1864-1872.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Anterior Segment Dysgenesis and Early-Onset Glaucoma in nee Mice with Mutation of Sh3pxd2b
Mao et al.
IOVS 2011;52:2679-2688.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Genetic Variants Associated with Optic Nerve Vertical Cup-to-Disc Ratio Are Risk Factors for Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in a US Caucasian Population
Fan et al.
IOVS 2011;52:1788-1792.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Processing of Optineurin in Neuronal Cells
Shen et al.
J. Biol. Chem. 2011;286:3618-3629.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Lack of WDR36 leads to preimplantation embryonic lethality in mice and delays the formation of small subunit ribosomal RNA in human cells in vitro
Gallenberger et al.
Hum Mol Genet 2011;20:422-435.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Variations in NTF4, VAV2, and VAV3 Genes Are Not Involved with Primary Open-Angle and Primary Angle-Closure Glaucomas in an Indian Population
Rao et al.
IOVS 2010;51:4937-4941.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Quantitative trait loci associated with murine central corneal thickness
Lively et al.
Physiol. Genomics 2010;42:281-286.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
OPA1 increases the risk of normal but not high tension glaucoma
Yu-Wai-Man et al.
J. Med. Genet. 2010;47:120-125.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Heterozygous Loss-of-Function Variants in CYP1B1 Predispose to Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Pasutto et al.
IOVS 2010;51:249-254.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: Association with Cholesterol 24S-Hydroxylase (CYP46A1) Gene Polymorphism and Plasma 24-Hydroxycholesterol Levels
Fourgeux et al.
IOVS 2009;50:5712-5717.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Gene and Protein Expression Pilot Profiling and Biomarkers in an Experimental Mouse Model of Hypertensive Glaucoma
Walsh et al.
Exp Biol Med 2009;234:918-930.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Biobanks and the importance of detailed phenotyping: a case study--the European Glaucoma Society GlaucoGENE project
Founti et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2009;93:577-581.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Inherited mitochondrial optic neuropathies
Yu-Wai-Man et al.
J. Med. Genet. 2009;46:145-158.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Effects of Oxidative Stress in Trabecular Meshwork Cells Are Reduced by Prostaglandin Analogues
Yu et al.
IOVS 2008;49:4872-4880.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
High prevalence of glaucoma in Veli Brgud, Croatia, is caused by a dominantly inherited T377M mutation in the MYOC gene
Zgaga et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2008;92:1567-1568.
FULL TEXT
Heritability of Central Corneal Thickness in Chinese: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study
Zheng et al.
IOVS 2008;49:4303-4307.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Angiopoietin-like 7 Secretion Is Induced by Glaucoma Stimuli and Its Concentration Is Elevated in Glaucomatous Aqueous Humor
Kuchtey et al.
IOVS 2008;49:3438-3448.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Lack of Association between LOXL1 Variants and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in Three Different Populations
Liu et al.
IOVS 2008;49:3465-3468.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
The LOXL1 Gene Variations Are Not Associated with Primary Open-Angle and Primary Angle-Closure Glaucomas
Chakrabarti et al.
IOVS 2008;49:2343-2347.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Heritability of Optic Disc and Cup Measured by the Heidelberg Retinal Tomography in Chinese: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study
He et al.
IOVS 2008;49:1350-1355.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Genomics in the Era of Molecular Ophthalmology: Reflections on the National Ophthalmic Disease Genotyping Network (eyeGENE)
Brooks et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126:424-425.
FULL TEXT
The Heritability of Optic Disc Parameters: A Classic Twin Study
Healey et al.
IOVS 2008;49:77-80.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Genetic Ophthalmology and the Era of Clinical Care
Sieving and Collins
JAMA 2007;297:733-736.
FULL TEXT
|
