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Localized, Central Optic Snowflake Degeneration of a Polymethyl Methacrylate Intraocular Lens: Clinical Report With Pathological Correlation
Nathan Dahle, MD;
Liliana Werner, MD, PhD;
Luther Fry, MD;
Nick Mamalis, MD
Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124:1350-1353.
Snowflake degeneration is a slowly progressive opacification of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) intraocular lenses (IOLs), occurring sometimes 10 years or more after implantation.1-2 It has been hypothesized that this degeneration is a result of long-term UV exposure. The dry snowflake lesions, which represent a breakdown in the PMMA material, should be differentiated from glistenings, which are fluid-filled intraoptical vacuoles.3-4 We report a case where the snowflake lesions were lim ited to the central 2 mm of the optic on examination of the explanted PMMA lens in the dry state. However, clinically and on hydration of the explanted lens, the area of central optic opacification extended to a 4-mm diameter. An unusual collection of water may have occurred because of the numerous cracks and fissures present within this area.
Report of a Case
A 90-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus since 2001, as well as hypertension and Parkinson disease, underwent an uneventful bilateral extracapsular cataract extraction with a 3-piece posterior chamber PMMA IOL (Precision-Cosmet Kratz Johnson Co, Minnetonka, Minn) implantation in the left eye on February 17, 1987, and then in the right eye (IOLAB Corp, San Dimas, Calif) on July 16, 1991. On March 29, 1992, best-corrected visual acuity was 20/30 OD and 20/50 OS. Initial changes due to macular degeneration were observed bilaterally, especially in the left eye.
The patient was referred to 1 of us (L.F.) in December 2003 for a second opinion on the status of the IOL in the right eye. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/40 OD and counting fingers OS because of an optic nerve atrophy, possibly from an old anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Examination of the lens in the right eye through the somewhat small pupil (although no actual measurement was performed) showed structures similar to glistenings in the central part of the optic. After instillation of 1% tropicamide, the pupils dilated to an estimated 5 mm. Slitlamp examination revealed lesions with a crystal-like appearance within the central portion of the IOL optic in the right eye (approximately 4 mm), with a clear optic periphery (Figure 1). The IOL optic in the left eye was clear.
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Figure 1. Photograph obtained from the video of the patient's surgical explantation procedure. Note the central opacification of the lens (approximately 4 mm in diameter).
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In May 2005, the patient returned with complaints of a progressive decrease in vision in the right eye. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/70 OD. The "crystallization" of the central optic of the lens in the right eye was denser but within the same area. This lens was explanted and exchanged on May 31, 2005. On June 30, 2005, visual acuity was 20/30 –2 OD.
Gross examination in the dry state revealed the presence of a slight whitish discoloration at the level of the central portion of the optic (approximately 2 mm) (Figure 2A). Microscopically, the specimen showed the presence of multiple structures consistent with snowflake lesions. They had the appearance of "particles" or "crystals" within the central area of the lens optic, causing the whitish discoloration. Some of these structures appeared mostly dark brown under small magnification, and some were multicolored under higher magnification (Figure 2B-D). They did not exhibit birefringence under polarizing light.
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Figure 2. Explanted lens in the dry state. A, Note the small central area of opacification (approximately 2 mm). B-D, Dark-brown and multicolored particles are observed within the substance of the intraocular lens at different levels (original magnification x 40, x 100, and x 200, respectively).
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Because the central area of whitish discoloration in the dry state appeared smaller than the area ob served by the surgeon (Figure 1), the explant was immersed in balanced salt solution (Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, Tex). This was then placed under a temperature of 37°C for 24 hours. Gross examination showed an increase in the central area of opacification, to approximately 4 mm. The whitish discoloration also appeared denser in the hydrated state (Figure 3A). Under light microscopy, the lesions with a particulate appearance seen in the dry state could not be observed; larger, irregular structures with a vacuole-like aspect were present, as well as linear cracks within the optic, seen as brown lines (Figure 3B-D).
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Figure 3. Explanted lens in the hydrated state. A, The central area of opacification is denser and extends to approximately 4 mm in diameter. B-D, Multiple linear fissures (arrows) and large vacuole-like structures can be observed in the substance of the lens (original magnification x 40, x 100, and x 200, respectively).
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Comment
The structures observed within the central part of the lens optic in the dry state appear similar to those observed in snowflake degeneration.1 Three-piece PMMA lenses implanted between the early 1980s and the mid 1990s (such as those explanted because of this condition and analyzed in our laboratory) were generally manufactured by injection molding. The explants had lesions clustered in the central zone and midperipheral portion of the optic.1-2 This led to the hypothesis that the central optic was exposed to UV light over an extended period, whereas the peripheral optic may be protected by the iris. In the present case, the lesions characteristic of snowflake degeneration were restricted to the central 2 mm of the lens optic in the dry state. This is the smallest area we have ever observed and may be related to the fact that the patient's pupils were relatively constricted as noted on the examination before and after dilation. This fact presumably supports the hypothesis that snowflake changes are facilitated by UV light.
For the first time, to our knowledge, a lens explanted because of snowflake degeneration was analyzed in the dry and hydrated states. The snowflake lesions per se are dry lesions and should be differentiated from glistenings. Glistenings are fluid-filled vacuoles and were largely described in association with hydrophobic acrylic lenses but can also be associated with other materials, including PMMA.3-4 On hydration of the explanted lens described herein, we did not observe the formation of small vacuoles throughout the lens optic, as seen with glistenings. An unusual amount of water was collected within the central 4 mm of the lens optic, where multiple linear cracks were present. These cracks were not evident under light microscopy in the dry state. They may represent the initial injury before the typical snowflake lesions are seen or they may be secondary to the initial presence of the more central snowflake lesions. In any case, the clinical significance of snowflake degeneration may depend on the amount of water collected within the area of cracks.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Dr Werner, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 50 N Medical Dr, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 (liliana.werner{at}hsc.utah.edu).
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Funding/Support: This study was supported by the Research to Prevent Blindness Olga Keith Wiess Scholar Award (Dr Werner).
REFERENCES
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1. Apple DJ, Peng Q, Arthur SN, et al. Snowflake degeneration of polymethyl methacrylate posterior chamber intraocular lens optic material. Ophthalmology. 2002;109:1666-1675.
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2. Werner L, Apple DJ. Complications of Aphakic and Refractive Intraocular Lenses. International Ophthalmology Clinics. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001:41.3. Tognetto D, Toto L, Sanguinetti G, Ravalico G. Glistenings in foldable intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002;28:1211-1216.
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4. Wilkins E, Olson RJ. Glistenings with long-term follow-up of the Surgidev B20/20 Polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lens. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132:783-785.
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SECTION EDITOR: W. RICHARD GREEN, MD
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