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Staining of the Tenon Capsule With Trypan Blue During Enucleation Surgery
Leanne M. Cheung, MBBS(Hons), MPH;
Geoffrey A. Wilcsek, FRANZCO;
Ian C. Francis, FRANZCO, FRACS, FASOPRS;
Minas T. Coroneo, FRANZCO, MD, FRACS, MS
Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:1125-1126.
INTRODUCTION
Trypan blue vital staining has been used increasingly in ophthalmic surgery. We describe a new extraocular application of trypan blue in staining of the Tenon capsule during enucleation surgery. The most common clinical use of trypan blue is staining of the anterior Tenon capsule to assist in creating a capsulorrhexis during removal of a white or mature cataract.1-3 Trypan blue has also been implemented in staining of the posterior stromal fibers during deep lamellar keratoplasty,4 staining of the internal limiting membrane during a peel,5 and as an adjunct in the complete removal of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.6 To our knowledge, all ophthalmic uses of trypan blue have previously been intraocular.
When using vascular integrated orbital implants following enucleation surgery, closure in layers is performed to decrease the risk of exposure. These layers consist of the posterior Tenon capsule, anterior Tenon capsule, and the conjunctiva separately over the implant. It can be difficult to distinguish accurately the anterior Tenon capsule from the conjunctiva. We stained the anterior Tenon capsule with trypan blue to distinguish it visually from the conjunctiva. To our knowledge, this technique is the first extraocular application of trypan blue.
During enucleation surgery, prior to closure of the anterior Tenon capsule and conjunctiva, Vision Blue (DORC International BV, Zuidland, the Netherlands) was instilled into the wound with a syringe. The wound was then irrigated with normal saline. The Tenon capsule stained clearly with no uptake of trypan blue by the conjunctiva, allowing visualization of the Tenon capsule separate from the conjunctiva during layered closure (Figure). We were therefore able to demonstrate visually that (1) there was no entrapment of the conjunctiva in the Tenon capsule wound, and (2) there was complete closure of the conjunctiva over the Tenon capsule.
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Figure. Intraoperative staining of the Tenon capsule with trypan blue.
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Conjunctival cysts may form secondary to incarceration of the conjunctiva accidentally inverted during closure of the Tenon capsule.7 Thus, identification and closure of the Tenon capsule and conjunctiva in separate layers could prevent conjunctival cysts from forming, particularly in cases of secondary implants with previous disruption of the anatomy.7-8 The incidence of conjunctival cysts following enucleation surgery varies among studies, ranging from 0.3%9 to 8%.10 Conjunctival cysts can result in an ill-fitting prosthesis and difficulty with retention of the prosthesis, as well as exposure and infection of the implant.7-8
Although the incidence of conjunctival cysts following enucleation appears low, we feel that our technique is a worthwhile preventive measure given the possible severe complications of conjunctival cysts. Ensuring closure of the anterior Tenon capsule and conjunctiva as separate layers may also reduce other complications such as implant exposure and/or extrusion. The use of trypan blue also provides an excellent means by which trainee surgeons can be certain that in enucleation surgery closure of the wound occurs in separate layers.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Minas T. Coroneo, FRANZCO, MD, FRACS, MS, Department of Ophthalmology, University of New South Wales at Prince of Wales Hospital, High Street, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia (m.coroneo{at}unsw.edu.au).
Submitted for Publication: September 29, 2003; final revision received April 25, 2005; accepted November 18, 2004.
Financial Disclosure: Dr Coroneo holds US patents covering the ocular use of trypan blue and has a licensing agreement with DORC International BV, Zuidland, the Netherlands.
Author Affiliations: Department of Ophthalmology, Prince of Wales Hospital and the University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
REFERENCES
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1. Coroneo MT. Methods for visualizing the anterior lens capsule of the human eye. US patent 6 367 480. April 9, 2002.
2. Coroneo MT. Ophthalmic methods and uses. US patent 6 372 449. April 16, 2002.
3. Melles GR, de Waard PW, Pameyer JH, Houdijn Beekhuis W. Trypan blue capsule staining to visualize the capsulorrhexis in cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25:7-9.
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