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The Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Ocular Hypertensive, Normal, and Glaucomatous Eyes With Optical Coherence Tomography
Christopher Bowd, PhD;
Robert N. Weinreb, MD;
Julia M. Williams, BS;
Linda M. Zangwill, PhD
Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:22-26.
ABSTRACT
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Objective To quantitatively assess and compare the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in ocular hypertensive eyes with normal and glaucomatous eyes using the Optical Coherence Tomograph (OCT 2000, software version A4X1; Humphrey Instruments, San Leandro, Calif).
Methods The mean RNFL thickness of ocular hypertensive (n = 28) eyes was compared with age-matched normal (n = 30) and glaucomatous (n = 29) eyes. Subject eyes were classified into diagnostic groups based on intraocular pressure, stereoscopic disc photographs, and standard automated perimetry. Three circular scans were obtained for each eye at a diameter of 3.4 mm around the optic disc. In each eye, average RNFL thickness measurements were obtained in temporal, superior, nasal, and inferior quadrants. A single index of average RNFL thickness throughout 360° also was obtained.
Results Mean (95% confidence interval) RNFL was significantly thinner in ocular hypertensive eyes than in normal eyes, 72.8 µm (66.4-78.1 µm) and 85.8 µm (80.2-91.7 µm), respectively. More specifically, RNFL was significantly thinner in ocular hypertensive eyes than in normal eyes in the inferior quadrant, 84.8 µm (75.6-94.0 µm) vs 107.6 µm (99.3-115.9 µm); and in the nasal quadrant, 44.1 µm (37.5-51.7 µm) vs 61.8 µm (53.0-65.6 µm). Retinal nerve fiber layer was significantly thinner in glaucomatous eyes than in ocular hypertensive and normal eyes throughout 360° and in all quadrants.
Conclusion These findings suggest that quantitative differences in RNFL thickness exist between age-matched ocular hypertensive, normal, and glaucomatous eyes.
INTRODUCTION
OPTICAL COHERENCE tomography (OCT) is one promising technology that has been developed to assess tissue thickness in vivo, such as that of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). This technology was initially designed for fiberoptic use.1 Early biological uses of this technology involved imaging of the human anterior chamber, peripapillary retina, and coronary artery.2-4 Optical coherence tomography has been demonstrated to detect changes in tissue thickness with micrometer-scale sensitivity.3, 5 With a prototype instrument, OCT data were reported to correlate with the known topography of human retinas.6 This instrument also performed well in detecting induced RNFL lesions in monkeys.7 Reproducibility studies using an OCT prototype have shown SDs of measurement of RNFL and retinal thicknesses of approximately 10 to 20 µm (10%-20%) in normal and glaucomatous eyes.8-10 Finally, visual field loss correlated with RNFL thickness as determined by this OCT prototype in glaucomatous eyes.8
As there is considerable evidence that RNFL loss precedes visual field loss11-14 and optic nerve head defects15-16 in patients with glaucoma, it is of interest to quantify this loss in patients with ocular hypertension who are at risk for developing glaucoma. In this study, we assessed RNFL thickness in ocular hypertensive eyes using the commercially available Optical Coherence Tomograph (OCT 2000, software version A4X1; Humphrey Instruments, San Leandro, Calif).
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
SUBJECTS
Three age-matched groups, classified as ocular hypertensive (OHT) (n = 28), normal (n = 30), and glaucomatous (n = 29), were recruited from the Glaucoma Center of the University of California, San Diego. Mean (± SD) age of the OHT, normal, and glaucoma groups was 65.9 (±10.5), 63.4 (±10.0), and 66.7 (±13.9) years, respectively. Subjects were age-matched because preliminary analysis of OCT data from 61 normal eyes (from patients aged 23-80 years; mean age, 53.4 ± 14.6 years) revealed a significant correlation between age and RNFL thickness in the temporal quadrant (r = -0.32, P = .01), and a trend toward a significant correlation between age and RNFL thickness in the superior quadrant (r = -0.23, P = .08). Correlations were weak between age and RNFL thickness in the nasal and inferior quadrants (r = -0.02, P = .91 and r = -0.03, P = .81, respectively).
All subjects had a complete ophthalmologic examination including direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, stereoscopic photographs of the optic disc, and visual field testing prior to OCT image acquisition. One eye of each subject was randomly selected for study. All test eyes had a best-corrected visual acuity of at least 20/40. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and the methods were approved by the University of California San Diego Human Subjects Committee.
Test eyes were classified as glaucomatous, OHT, or normal based on the following criteria. Glaucomatous (open angle) eyes had a measured IOP of 24 mm Hg or more on at least 2 occasions. These eyes had a glaucomatous appearance of the optic disc defined as thinning of the neuroretinal rim, hemorrhage, notch, excavation, an RNFL defect, or asymmetry of vertical cup or disc of greater than 0.2 based on masked standardized grading of stereoscopic photographs. Glaucomatous visual field damage on the Humphrey Field Analyzer program 24-2 (or 30-2) required a corrected pattern SD outside of the 95% normal limits or glaucoma hemifield test outside of the 99% normal limits. Mean deviation (95% confidence interval) in these glaucomatous eyes was -5.71 (-4.16, -7.26) dB, indicating early to moderate visual field damage.
Ocular hypertensive eyes had a measured IOP of 24 mm Hg or more on at least 2 occasions. These eyes had intact rims, no evidence of hemorrhage, notch, excavation, or RNFL defect, and had symmetrical optic discs (asymmetry of vertical cup or disc < 0.2) based on masked analysis of stereoscopic photographs. Visual field results on the Humphrey Field Analyzer program 24-2 (or 30-2) showed a corrected pattern SD within the 95% normal limits and glaucoma hemifield tests within normal limits.
Normal eyes had a highest measured IOP of 22 mm Hg or lower with no history of elevated IOP. Stereoscopic photography and visual field analysis criteria were the same as those for OHT eyes.
INSTRUMENTATION
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) assesses RNFL thickness by analyzing the temporal delay of backscattered light from tissue structures. The echo delay time of the backscattered light from different layers in the retina is determined using low-coherence interferometry. First, low-coherence light is directed onto a beam-splitter, resulting in 2 beams, one directed at the tissue of interest (signal beam) and the other at a reference mirror (reference beam). The amplitude and delay of tissue reflection is determined by an interferometer that adds the electromagnetic waves in the 2 reflected light beams. Because of the low coherence of the light source, interference of light reflected from the signal and reference beams only occurs when the delay of the reflections is almost matched, resulting in high resolution.
In the commercially available OCT 2000, software version A4X1, RNFL is differentiated from other retinal layers using a thresholding algorithm that detects the anterior edge of retinal pigment epithelium and determines the photoreceptor layer position. For each scan, the posterior edge is determined to be the first occurrence of signal above threshold anterior to the photoreceptor layer of the RNFL. Nerve fiber layer thickness is defined as the number of pixels between the anterior and posterior edges of the RNFL.
In circle scan mode, this instrument generates RNFL thickness measurements (in micrometers) at 100 points along a 360° circular path (1 thickness value per 3.6°). This information is presented graphically on a continuous x and y plot, where x is the retinal position (eg, temporal, superior, nasal, inferior) and y is RNFL thickness in micrometers. In addition, RNFL thickness is presented on 2 circular charts, 1 with 12 equal sectors each representing 1 hour around the clock face, and the other with 4 equal 90° hour glass sectors each representing 1 quadrant. These charts display RNFL thickness (micrometers) within each sector. A single mean RNFL thickness for the full 360° scan is also displayed.
PROCEDURE
Three 3.4-mm-diameter circular scans centered on the optic disc judged to be of acceptable quality were obtained for each test eye, the mean of which was used in the analysis. This approximate scan diameter was found to be optimal for RNFL analysis in a prototype instrument.9 For each subject, RNFL thickness was assessed in 4 retinal regions: temporal (316° to 45° on unit circle), superior (46° to 135° on unit circle), nasal (136° to 225° on unit circle), and inferior (226° to 315° on unit circle). Average RNFL thickness was also assessed (0° to 359° on unit circle).
Within-subject reproducibility was examined by determining the mean and SD of RNFL thickness between the 3 images obtained for each study eye in each quadrant.
We also used a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph [HRT]; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) to assess the optic disc area (see "Results" section). Three circular scans centered on the optic disc judged to be of acceptable quality were obtained for each test eye, the mean topography image of which was used in the analysis. Details of this instrument have been described elsewhere.17-18
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Multiple comparisons between groups were conducted using analysis of variance. Pairwise comparisons for all significant main effects were conducted using the Tukey-Kramer Honestly Significant Difference test (all  = .05).
RESULTS
Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements for the 3 diagnostic groups overlapped considerably (Figure 1). Mean RNFL thickness (360° measurement) ranged from 40 to 105 µm in OHT eyes, from 46 to 106 µm in normal eyes, and from 4 to 85 µm in glaucomatous eyes. The within-subject average SD for mean RNFL thickness (360° measurement) was 6.2, 5.2, and 6.4 µm for OHT, normal, and glaucomatous eyes, respectively (Table 1).
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Figure 1. Average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (micrometers) for 3 diagnostic groups. Diamonds represent 95% confidence intervals. Nerve fiber layer was significantly thinner in glaucomatous eyes than in ocular hypertensive eyes and was significantly thinner in ocular hypertensive eyes than in normal eyes (P<.05).
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Table 1. RNFL Thickness Between 3 Images Obtained From Each Study Eye in OHT, Normal, and Glaucomatous Eyes by Quadrant*
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A 1-way analysis of variance on mean RNFL thickness (360° measurement) data showed a significant main effect of diagnostic group, F2,84 = 40.23, P .001. Mean (95% confidence interval) RNFL thickness was significantly lower in glaucomatous eyes, 44.4 µm (36.4-52.6 µm) than in OHT eyes 72.8 µm (66.4-78.1 µm), and was significantly lower in OHT eyes than in normal eyes, 85.8 µm (80.2-91.7 µm) (Figure 1).
Analysis of RNFL thickness in the glaucomatous, OHT, and normal eyes separately revealed a characteristic double-hump pattern with RNFL thickness peaks in the superior and inferior quadrants and troughs in the temporal and nasal quadrants in all diagnostic groups. This pattern was depressed in glaucomatous eyes (Figure 2). Table 2 includes average RNFL thickness values for all diagnostic groups and quadrants.
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Figure 2. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (micrometers) in each quadrant for 3 diagnostic groups. Temporal quadrant = 316° to 45° (on unit circle measurement), superior quadrant = 46° to 135° measurement, nasal quadrant = 136° to 225° measurement, and inferior quadrant = 226° to 315° measurement. Error bars = 1 SEM. Nerve fiber layer was significantly thinner in glaucomatous eyes than in ocular hypertensive eyes and normal eyes in all quadrants. Nerve fiber layer was significantly thinner in ocular hypertensive eyes than in normal eyes in the inferior and nasal quadrants (P<.05).
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Table 2. RNFL Thickness in OHT, Normal, and Glaucomatous Eyes by Quadrant*
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Differences in RNFL thickness for each quadrant were assessed to determine the quadrants in which glaucomatous, OHT, and normal eyes differed. Analysis showed that RNFL thickness was significantly different between diagnostic groups in the temporal (F2,84 = 13.74), superior (F2,84 = 40.03), nasal (F2,84 = 11.00), and inferior (F2,84 = 43.96)quadrants (all P.001). In the temporal quadrant, the RNFL was significantly thinner in glaucomatous eyes, 41.6 µm (33.7-49.3 µm) than in OHT eyes, 58.8 µm (50.6-67.0 µm) and normal eyes, 66.2 µm (61.3-71.2 µm). Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the temporal quadrant was similar in OHT eyes and normal eyes. In the superior quadrant, the RNFL was significantly thinner in glaucomatous eyes, 56.5 µm (45.7-67.4 µm) than in OHT eyes, 101.4 µm (93.6-109.2 µm) and normal eyes, 105.7 µm (98.0-112.6 µm). Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the superior quadrant was similar in OHT and normal eyes. In the nasal quadrant, the RNFL was thinnest in glaucomatous eyes, 29.2 µm (21.2-37.1 µm) and increased significantly in OHT eyes, 44.1 µm (37.5-51.7 µm) and normal eyes, 61.8 µm (53.0-65.6 µm). Finally, in the inferior quadrant, the RNFL was thinnest in glaucomatous eyes, 49.2 µm (39.2-59.2 µm) and increased significantly in OHT eyes, 84.8 µm (75.6-94.0 µm) and normal eyes, 107.6 µm (99.3-115.9 µm) (Figure 2).
The influence of optic disc area on RNFL thickness measurements between the 3 subject subpopulations also was assessed. It is known that RNFL is thickest near the optic disc, primarily owing to lateral fusion of nerve fiber bundles.19 Further, there may be more nerve fibers in eyes with larger optic discs.20-21 Because OCT scans were centered on the optic disc, we suspected that measurements taken from subjects with large discs might be thicker. This is because measurements in these subjects would be taken closer to the disc margin than in subjects with smaller discs, owing to the fixed diameter of the circular scan. To test this possibility we first investigated the correlation (r) between optic disc area and RNFL thickness for normal eyes. We then compared optic disc area between each diagnostic group. Disc area was not significantly correlated with RNFL thickness in normal eyes in any quadrant (all P>.05). Further, there was no significant difference in disc area between diagnostic groups, F2,84 = 2.18, P = .12.
This study quantified and compared RNFL thickness in OHT eyes with that in normal eyes and glaucomatous eyes by using OCT. There was considerable within-group variability in measured RNFL thickness. Average RNFL was significantly thinner in OHT eyes than in normal eyes. Specifically, RNFL was significantly thinner in OHT eyes than in normal eyes in the inferior and nasal quadrants. Finally, RNFL was significantly thinner in glaucomatous eyes than in OHT and normal eyes in each quadrant and throughout 360° measurement.
It is not suprising that we found significant thinning of RNFL in glaucomatous eyes compared with OHT and normal eyes because glaucomatous appearance of the optic disc and/or RNFL was an inclusion criterion for glaucoma diagnosis in our study. Differences in RNFL thickness between glaucomatous and normal eyes are well documented.8, 22-28 The results of this investigation, showing significant differences in RNFL between OHT and normal eyes, are less established. Our results suggest that thinner RNFL may be characteristic of some OHT as well as glaucomatous eyes.
In this study, we found an average decrease in RNFL thickness of about 15% in OHT eyes compared with normal eyes. Similar findings have been reported elsewhere using different evaluative techniques. Using stereophotogrammetric measures, Schwartz and Takamoto29 showed a significant decrease in RNFL thickness of about 18% in OHT eyes compared with normal eyes. Using scanning laser polarimetry, Anton et al30 found a significant decrease in retardation measurements (an indirect measure of RNFL thickness) of about 7% in OHT eyes compared with normal eyes. Similar results were obtained by Tjon-Fo-Sang et al31 also using scanning laser polarimetry. Finally, using computerized image analysis, Caprioli32 found a significant decrease in retinal height (an indirect measure of RNFL thickness) of almost 30% in OHT eyes compared with normal eyes.
As in this study, the latter 3 studies mentioned revealed a significant thinning of RNFL in the inferior quadrant in OHT eyes compared with normal eyes. The finding that what may be initial RNFL thinning occurs in the inferior quadrant of OHT eyes is of particular interest. Optic nerve defects associated with glaucoma often occur initially at the inferior pole.33-34 Further, inferior quadrant OCT-measured RNFL defects show the closest relationship to glaucoma status.8 Finally, visual field defects associated with glaucoma usually occur initially in the superior visual field (corresponding to inferior pole defects).35-37 The basis for these observations is unknown.
It is possible that thinner RNFL in the inferior quadrant of OHT eyes is an early form of glaucoma that precedes detectable optic nerve and/or visual field defects. Other researchers have implicated RNFL thinning as a risk factor in future glaucomatous visual field loss. Quigley et al38 showed preexisting RNFL defects in 57% of OHT eyes that converted from normal to defective visual fields. Pre-existing RNFL defects also were present in 35% of nonconverted eyes. Moreover, the risk of conversion to defective visual fields in OHT eyes increased with increases in RNFL damage.14 Another possibility is that the RNFL in OHT eyes may be initially thin in the inferior quadrant, making these eyes particularly susceptible to the effects of increased IOP.
Several studies have failed to find significant differences in RNFL thickness between OHT and normal eyes.39-41 It is possible that these normal results are related to sensitivity of the measurement instruments, sample size, or difference in study population. For instance, Iester et al39 used confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (HRT) to measure retinal height among other parameters. These authors found no significant retinal height difference between OHT and normal eyes. These findings might be due to a difference in sensitivity between the HRT and the OCT for measuring RNFL thickness. The HRT was not designed to measure the RNFL directly. The thickness measurements provided by the HRT software are indirect measurements that rely on a reference plane.
The negative results of Lachkar and Cohn40 might be due to the relatively small sample size used in their study (17 OHT eyes). In this study we found considerable RNFL thickness overlap between the 3 diagnostic groups. This result indicates a large within-group variance in each diagnostic group that might mask between-group variances in a smaller sample population.
Differences in RNFL thickness between OHT and normal eyes in this study may be evidence of early damage to the optic nerve. It is possible that patients with OHT eyes with RNFL thickness measurements more similar to those of patients with glaucoma are at a greater risk of developing glaucomatous visual field defects. Similarly, it is possible that the OHT eyes in our study and those in other studies are early-stage glaucomatous eyes.
Although the OHT eyes in our study had normal visual fields and showed no evidence of optic disc or RNFL defects based on stereoscopic photograph assessment, it is possible that visual field defects might be detected in these eyes using other visual function techniques such as short wavelength automated perimetry or frequency doubling perimetry.
While not directly addressed by our study, our results provide some insight into the ability of OCT to categorize eyes as hypertensive, glaucomatous, or normal. We found considerable overlap in RNFL thickness among study groups. This suggests that a single OCT RNFL thickness measurement would not be sufficient for diagnosis. However, this is most likely not a limitation of OCT technology itself, but rather a by-product of large individual differences in RNFL thickness. Recent data presented by Zangwill et al42 and Nakla et al43 showed that OCT is as good as scanning laser polarimetry and HRT in differentiating glaucomatous eyes from normal eyes despite the fact that OCT image analysis is based on 100 data points rather than several thousand (eg, scanning laser polarimetry and HRT).
Results from this study may be somewhat limited in their generalizability. Patients with OHT and glaucomatous eyes in our study were recruited from a university-based glaucoma practice. These patients may not reflect the RNFL characteristics of the population as a whole. Further, our patients were predominantly white (88%). Several studies have shown racial differences in measurements of optic disc parameters, including differences in RNFL thickness.31, 44-45
In summary, OCT revealed statistically significant quantitative differences in RNFL thickness between OHT and normal eyes within our study population. Longitudinal studies should be conducted to determine if these differences result in an increased likelihood of conversion from normal to glaucomatous visual fields for patients with OHT eyes.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication August 16, 1999.
Supported in part by grant EY11008 from the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (Dr Zangwill), and by the Joseph Drown Foundation, Los Angeles, Calif (Dr Weinrub).
Corresponding author: Linda M. Zangwill, PhD, Glaucoma Center and Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0946.
From the Glaucoma Center and Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
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The Relationship between Nerve Fiber Layer and Perimetry Measurements
Harwerth et al.
IOVS 2007;48:763-773.
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Detection of psychophysical and structural injury in eyes with glaucomatous optic neuropathy and normal standard automated perimetry.
Bagga et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124:169-176.
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Factors Influencing Optic Nerve Head Biomechanics
Sigal et al.
IOVS 2005;46:4189-4199.
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Differences in Visual Function and Optic Nerve Structure Between Healthy Eyes of Blacks and Whites
Racette et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:1547-1553.
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Comparative Study of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Measurement by StratusOCT and GDx VCC, II: Structure/Function Regression Analysis in Glaucoma
Leung et al.
IOVS 2005;46:3702-3711.
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Optical Coherence Tomography Longitudinal Evaluation of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Glaucoma
Wollstein et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:464-470.
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Optical coherence tomography analysis of axonal loss in band atrophy of the optic nerve
Monteiro et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2004;88:896-899.
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Fourier Analysis of Optical Coherence Tomography and Scanning Laser Polarimetry Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Measurements in the Diagnosis of Glaucoma
Essock et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:1238-1245.
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Optical Tomography-Measured Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Normal Latinos
Varma et al.
IOVS 2003;44:3369-3373.
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Evaluation of Heredity as a Determinant of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness as Measured by Optical Coherence Tomography
Hougaard et al.
IOVS 2003;44:3011-3016.
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Topographical Thickness of the Epithelium and Total Cornea after Hydrogel and PMMA Contact Lens Wear with Eye Closure
Wang et al.
IOVS 2003;44:1070-1074.
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Repeatability and Reproducibility of Macular Thickness Measurements with the Humphrey OCT System
Muscat et al.
IOVS 2002;43:490-495.
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Detecting Early Glaucoma by Assessment of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Visual Function
Bowd et al.
IOVS 2001;42:1993-2003.
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Discriminating Between Normal and Glaucomatous Eyes Using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph, GDx Nerve Fiber Analyzer, and Optical Coherence Tomograph
Zangwill et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:985-993.
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The Humphrey optical coherence tomography scanner: quantitative analysis and reproducibility study of the normal human retinal nerve fibre layer
Jones et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:673-677.
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