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Acute Unilateral Corneal Immunoprotein Deposition in IgM Monoclonal Gammopathy
Lee P. Schelonka, MD, PhD;
Gregory S. H. Ogawa, MD;
Terrence P. O'Brien, MD;
W. Richard Green, MD
Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:125-126.
ABSTRACT
A healthy 43-year-old officer of a merchant ship at sea developed pain, redness, and photophobia in his right eye. During the next 2 weeks, he noted the presence of a band of opacity spreading from his temporal limbus toward his central cornea. His episcleral vessels were engorged in a distribution contiguous with the peripheral, sectorial, flecklike corneal opacities. The opacity had progressed during topical and systemic antibiotic therapy, but halted with use of topical corticosteroids. Systemic evaluation showed mild IgM monoclonal gammopathy. Transmission electron microscopy of a corneal biopsy specimen revealed electron-dense fibrils identified as immunoprotein. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a case of acute unilateral deposition of corneal immunoprotein in a patient with monoclonal gammopathy. Clinicians should begin with a broad differential diagnosis when evaluating patients with corneal opacity.
INTRODUCTION
Immunoprotein deposition is a rare cause of corneal opacity. In general, the immunoprotein deposits occur bilaterally, with gradual onset. We report a case of immunoprotein deposition in the right cornea of a 43-year-old British sailor, 2 weeks following the onset of redness and pain in that eye. We believe that this is the first reported case of acute-onset unilateral corneal immunoprotein deposition in a patient with a monoclonal gammopathy.
REPORT OF A CASE
The 43-year-old first officer on a British merchant ship sailing in the North Atlantic noted pain and redness of his right eye in July 1993. He could not recall any recent eye injury. As the ship's medical officer, he treated himself with topical chloramphenicol and tetracycline and oral erythromycin. His pain resolved, but the redness remained and he developed photophobia and blurry vision; after 2 weeks, part of his right iris appeared lighter in color.
On examination 3 weeks after the onset of symptoms, the patient's visual acuity without correction was 20/25 OD and 20/20 OS. Slitlamp examination showed a 5.3-mm-wide band of multiple, punctate, flecklike corneal opacities, mostly at the level of the posterior stroma, extending from the inferotemporal limbus toward the center of the right cornea. Also, a 2.2-mm-wide band of similar opacities was noted at the nasal limbus. The remainder of the ophthalmic and general medical examination results were within normal limits. Serologic testing and cultures of blood and urine and skin biopsy specimens were negative for bacteria, fungi, and parasites. The patient was given topical prednisolone every 2 hours and topical polymyxin 3 times a day. He experienced no improvement after 5 days and was referred for further evaluation.
At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, Md, the patient's visual acuity and ophthalmic examination results were essentially unchanged. An asymmetric distribution of episcleral hyperemia coincided with the inferotemporal and nasal bands of opacity (Figure 1). The left eye was unremarkable. Serum immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated a mild IgM monoclonal gammopathy. Four months later, while the the patient was receiving topical prednisolone, the wide inferotemporal corneal band had not progressed and the periphery of the band was clearing. The IgM level was 2.2 g/L (normal range, 0.6-2.1 g/L).
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Figure 1. Slitlamp photographs of a patient with corneal immunoprotein deposition. Left, Before corneal biopsy. The inferotemporal band of deposition is clearly visible. There is a subtle asymmetry in the episcleral and conjunctival hyperemia, which is greater in the area contiguous with the inferotemporal band. Right, After corneal biopsy. The slitlamp beam indicates the posterior stomal location of the deposition. The nasal band of deposition is also visible.
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A right inferotemporal corneal biopsy was performed. One portion of the tissue was fixed in formalin for light microscopy. A second portion was fixed in a buffered mixture of 1% glutaraldehyde and 4% formaldehyde for transmission electron microscopy.
The part of the biopsy specimen processed for light microscopy showed no corneal deposits. Transmission electron microscopy revealed electron-dense fibrils with a faint periodicity of 16.6 nm (Figure 2). These fibrils had the characteristic appearance of immunoprotein.
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Figure 2. Transmission electron micrograph of the corneal biopsy specimen. Electron-dense fibrils with a faint periodicity at 16.6 nm are present.
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COMMENT
Diffuse or focal corneal immunoprotein deposits are a relatively uncommon manifestation of several systemic illnesses, including multiple myeloma,1 monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance,2 Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia,3 certain lymphoproliferative disorders,4 and leukemia.5 The deposits can be initial or early manifestations of these systemic illnesses.1, 3-5 Deposits generally develop gradually1-5 and involve both eyes.1-4 Although some patients experience no reduction in visual acuity, many require treatment of the underlying disease with cytotoxic chemotherapy or corticosteroids to restore visual function, and penetrating keratoplasty may be required in severe cases.3 Based on initial evaluation, the patient in this case seemed to have monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance.
Close examination of the distribution of engorged ocular surface vessels depicted in Figure 1, left, suggests a connection between the inflammatory process and the immunoprotein deposits. The inferotemporal and inferonasal quadrants show significant hyperemia, with dilated conjunctival and episcleral vessels, suggesting bisectoral episcleritis. The bands of immunoprotein are widest in the locations where there is significant hyperemia. In this patient, dilated, permeable vessels may have allowed exudation of large IgM molecules. Although some researchers argue that the tear film is a transport medium for immunoproteins into the cornea,6 this case is most consistent with recent reports indicating the paralimbal vascular arcades as the principal route of influx.2
The response of this patient to topical corticosteroid therapy also suggests an inflammatory leakage mechanism. Topical prednisolone apparently halted the central progression of the corneal deposit, and spared the patient significant loss of visual acuity. The rapid progression of this patient's corneal deposition, although not documented by an ophthalmologist, is likely to be correct since the patient was the ship's medical officer and provided written records of his course prior to evaluation. This case widens the spectrum of findings of corneal immunoprotein deposition, and reminds us to begin with a broad differential diagnosis when evaluating patients with corneal opacity.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication September 10, 1999.
This study was supported in part by the University of New Mexico Foundation's Cornea and Anterior Segment Research Fund, Albuquerque.
Reprints: Gregory S. H. Ogawa, MD, Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 2211 Lomas Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131-5341 (e-mail: gogawa{at}salud.unm.edu).
From the Department of Internal Medicine (Dr Schelonka) and Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology (Dr Ogawa), University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque; and the Department of Ophthalmology (Dr O'Brien) and Eye Pathology Laboratory (Dr Green), Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
REFERENCES
1. Perry HD, Donnenfeld ED, Font RL. Intraepithelial corneal immunoglobulin crystals in IgG-kappa multiple myeloma. Cornea. 1993;12:448-450.
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2. Henderson DW, Stirling JW, Lipsett J, Rozenbilds MA, Roberts-Thomson PJ, Coster DJ. Paraproteinemic crystalloidal keratopathy. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1993;17:643-668.
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3. Gloor B. Diffuse Hornhautdegeneration bei einem Fall von Makroglobulinamie Waldenstroem. Ophthalmologica. 1968;155:449-463.
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4. Miller KH, Green WR, Stark WJ, Wells HA, Mendelsohn G, Kanhofer H. Immunoprotein deposition in the cornea. Ophthalmology. 1980;87:944-950.
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5. Eiferman RA, Levartovsky S, Schulz JC. Leukemic corneal infiltrates. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988;105:319-320.
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6. McDonnell PJ, Schanzlin DJ, Rao NA. Immunoglobulin deposition in the cornea after application of autologous serum. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106:1423-1425.
ABSTRACT
SECTION EDITOR: W. RICHARD GREEN, MD
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