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Immunolocalization of  ig-h3 Protein in 5q31-Linked Corneal Dystrophies and Normal Corneas
Barbara W. Streeten, MD;
Yue Qi, MD;
Gordon K. Klintworth, MD, PhD;
Ralph C. Eagle, Jr, MD;
Judith A. Strauss, BS;
Kelly Bennett, PhD
Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:67-75.
ABSTRACT
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Objective To characterize the relation of the  ig-h3 protein to the diagnostic corneal deposits in the hereditary corneal dystrophies recently shown to have mutations in the ig-h3 gene on chromosome 5q31.
Methods Corneas with lattice, granular, mixed granular-lattice ("Avellino"), and 2 types of Reis-Bücklers dystrophy were diagnosed by the histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of their abnormal aggregates. Dystrophic and normal corneas were compared for immunolocalization of ig-h3 protein.
Results In normal corneas, immunoreactivity for ig-h3 protein was strongest in the Bowman layer, and next strong along stromal interlamellar junctions and attachment sites of collagen to the Descemet membrane. Antibody binding was intense on all dystrophic aggregates, mimicking somewhat the normal protein distribution. Mixed granular-lattice dystrophy had the most variation in ig-h3–immunopositive forms. The aggregates in both the "rod-shaped" Reis-Bücklers type and the "curly fiber" Thiel-Behnke type were strongly stained for ig-h3 protein, consistent with mutations on the ig-h3 gene.
Conclusions The marked immunopositivity for ig-h3 protein in the abnormal deposits in these dystrophies indicates that ig-h3 protein is a major component. The variety and quantity of immunopositive forms suggests that they consist primarily of the mutant protein, self-polymerizing and/or incorrectly binding to other corneal components. Variability of forms may relate to both the specific mutation and regional interactions of this protein.
INTRODUCTION
IN 4 clinically different, autosomal dominant corneal dystrophies, specific missense mutations have been reported in the ig-h3 gene (transforming growth factor –induced gene) on chromosome 5q31.1-3 These include lattice corneal dystrophy type I (LCD-I), granular dystrophy (GCD), a mixed granular-lattice dystrophy called "Avellino dystrophy" (ACD), and Reis-Bücklers dystrophy. These dystrophies are defined by their clinical manifestations, combined with the microscopic and histochemical characteristics of their abnormal corneal deposits. Lattice corneal dystrophy type I has stromal deposits of an amyloid,4 GCD has accumulations of a crystalloid Masson trichrome red material ("hyaline"),5 and ACD dystrophy contains deposits of both.6 The name Reis-Bücklers dystrophy has been used for 2 superficial corneal dystrophies, both severely affecting the Bowman layer.7-12 One seems to be a superficial variant of GCD with rod-shaped Masson trichrome red deposits,13-15 subclassified by Küchle et al12 as corneal dystrophy of Bowman layer I (CDB-I).12 The more common entity (called Thiel-Behnke honeycomb dystrophy in Europe16 ) has deposits of "curly fibers" identifiable only by electron microscopy,17 and is subclassified as corneal dystrophy of Bowman layer II (CDB-II).12 The type of Reis-Bücklers dystrophy reported to have a ig-h3 mutation was not specified,1 but similarities of the rod-shaped type (CDB-I) to granular dystrophy and mapping of the curly fiber type (CDB-II) to a similar locus on chromosome 5q18 suggest that they both result from ig-h3 mutations.
The ig-h3 gene product is a prominent protein in the cornea, skin, and matrix of many connective tissues, and is considered to have a binding function in these tissues.19-24 How mutations disturb this normal function in the cornea, resulting in the abnormal deposits, is unclear. The strong immunolocalization of ig-h3 we found in the deposits, however, favors the likelihood that these aggregates are composed primarily of ig-h3 protein.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MATERIALS
Corneal buttons were obtained after corneal transplantation from 2 corneas with LCD-I, 4 corneas with GCD, 2 corneas with ACD, 1 cornea with CDB-I, and 2 corneas with CDB-II. Corneas from normal donors of 20, 39, 45, 67, 69, and 73 years of age were obtained less than 16 hours post mortem from the Central New York Eye Bank, Syracuse, and processed similarly to the dystrophic corneas.
The ig-h3 antibody for immunostaining was made in rabbits to recombinant protein including the full-length complementary DNA sequence (210-683) of human ig-h3.19, 22 This antibody reacts on Western blots with purified ig-h3 protein isolated from corneal extracts and identified in gel bands by amino–terminal sequence analysis.20 Secondary antibodies were biotinylated goat anti-rabbit used with a Vectastain Elite ABC kit (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, Calif), or gold-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibody (E. Y. Laboratories Inc, San Mateo, Calif). Lowicryl K4M resin (Ted Pella Inc, Redding, Calif) and Embed-812 epoxy resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Fort Washington, Pa) were used for electron microscopic embedding.
METHODS
Immunohistochemistry and Histological Staining
Dystrophic and normal corneas were fixed in either freshly prepared 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1-mol/L cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, overnight at 4°C or in 10% neutral buffered formaldehyde at room temperature. Half of each cornea was dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in paraffin for light microscopy and the other half used for electron microscopy. For light microscopic immunostaining, 3-µm sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated in 0.01-mol/L phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), incubated in 3% hydrogen peroxide for 10 minutes at room temperature, and blocked for 1 hour with 3% nonfat dry milk in PBS and 2% bovine albumin. Slides were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature in ig-h3 antibody at 1:2000 dilution in PBS and 2% bovine albumin. Following rinses, biotinylated secondary antibody (1:200) was applied for 20 minutes, followed by ABC complex with diaminobenzidine as chromagen, and counterstaining with hematoxylin. Substitution of normal rabbit serum and omission of primary antibody were used as controls.
Paraffin sections of dystrophic and normal corneas were all stained routinely with Masson trichrome, Congo red, and periodic acid–Schiff stains for histopathological diagnoses.
Immunoelectron Microscopy
The dystrophic and normal corneal buttons for electron microscopy were sampled in both peripheral and central regions, including superficial, middle, and deep stromal Descemet membrane areas. The specimens were primarily fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1-mol/L cacodylate buffer. They were dehydrated in methanol to 90% and embedded in resin at temperatures decreasing to -25°C, and polymerized under UV light as directed. Ultrathin sections were placed on uncoated nickel grids, and blocked in 3% nonfat dry milk with PBS and 2% bovine albumin for 30 minutes. Grids were incubated in ig-h3 antibody at 1:2000 in PBS with 2% bovine albumin in PBS overnight at 4°C. After additional blocking for 30 minutes, 10-nm gold-labeled secondary antibody (1:20) was applied for 30 minutes at room temperature. Sections were postfixed in 2% osmium tetroxide for 10 minutes, counterstained with uranyl acetate–lead citrate, and examined with a transmission electron microscope. Controls were the same as used for immunohistochemistry. For nonimmunostaining electron microscopy, specimens were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde or transferred to it secondarily, and processed routinely in epoxy resin.
RESULTS
NORMAL CORNEAS
The normal corneal epithelium did not stain with ig-h3 antibody. The Bowman layer had the most concentrated diffuse stain by light microscopy (Figure 1, A). Stromal staining was moderate, outlining the pale horizontal and oblique collagen lamellae by gold labeling along their interfaces. Labeling was less intense but diffuse on the Descemet membrane. No staining of cells or changes with aging were seen.
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Figure 1. Light microscopic histochemistry of normal cornea and the 5q31-linked corneal dystrophies after special stains or immunolabeling with ig-h3 antibody. A, Normal cornea. The brown immunostain for ig-h3 protein is most prominent in the Bowman layer (arrow), and appears as brown outlines along the edges of the pale stromal collagen bundles (immunoperoxidase, original magnification x108). B, Lattice corneal dystrophy type I. A large lattice lesion with tapered ends (arrow), and 2 smaller deposits (Masson trichrome, original magnification x108). C, Lattice corneal dystrophy type I. Lattice lesion in same cornea as in B shows diagnostic apple-green birefringence of amyloid (polarized Congo red, original magnification x210). D, Granular corneal dystrophy. Typical bright red angular deposits are seen (Masson-trichrome, original magnification x108). E, Superficial granular corneal dystrophy (Reis-Bücklers with rod-shaped deposits). Alternating layers of bright red deposits between layers of blue-staining collagen. No Bowman layer seen (Masson trichrome, original magnification x210). F, Mixed granular-lattice ("Avellino") dystrophy. Superficial granular deposits are bright red, the stromal amyloid deposits are blue (arrow) (Masson trichrome, original magnification x108). G, Mixed granular-lattice (Avellino) dystrophy. Lattice lesion in same cornea as in F showing apple-green birefringence of amyloid (polarized Congo red, original magnification x210). H, Thiel-Behnke dystrophy (Reis-Bücklers with curly fibers). Typical arched supepithelial pattern with no Bowman layer or deposits seen (Masson-trichrome, original magnification x108). I, Thiel-Behnke dystrophy (Reis-Bücklers with curly fibers). Same cornea as in H showing dense lines and clumps of ig-h3 staining in the superficial cornea (immunoperoxidase, original magnification x210).
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Ultrastructurally, occasional gold-labeled antibody was seen in the epithelial basement membrane, and on some anchoring fibrils as they passed into the Bowman layer (Figure 2, A). There was diffuse scattered gold label as single particles and clumps among the collagen fibers of the Bowman layer. A few unlabeled 3- to 5-nm thin wavy fibrils suggestive of collagen VI coursed among the collagen fibers. In the stroma, ig-h3 label was primarily along the junctions of large lamellar layers and scanty within lamellae (Figure 2, B), as clearly visible at interfaces between obliquely oriented lamellar bundles (Figure 2, C). Label was also denser on the 20- to 25-nm stromal fibers as they fanned out to attach on the Descemet membrane (Figure 2, D). The Descemet membrane had moderate clumped label in its outer fetal banded and nonbanded portions, decreasing to none close to the endothelial level (Figure 2, E).
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Figure 2. Normal cornea. Ultrastructural localization of ig-h3 protein by immunogold labeling. A, Basement membrane of corneal epithelium (BM) and anchoring fibrils have occasional gold labeling. More diffuse labeling among collagen in the Bowman layer. Scattered wavy thin fibrils (arrowheads) are usually negative (original magnification x67,770). B, Linear clumped label along the interface (arrows) between stromal lamellae coursing in different directions. Scanty label within the lamellae (original magnification x25,448). C, Labeling of curved interface (arrows) between obliquely oriented lamellar bundles. A few thin fibrils (arrowhead) run across collagen fibers (original magnification x25,448). D, Tangential section through top of the Descemet membrane (DM) shows label associated with splayed-out attachments (arrows) of collagen bundles (C) (original magnification x16,943). E, The Descemet membrane (DM) has moderate clumped labeling, decreasing to nothing near the endothelial level (bottom). Brackets indicate cropping of photomicrograph (original magnification x25,448).
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LATTICE CORNEAL DYSTROPHY TYPE I
In LCD-I, typical fusiform deposits of different sizes occurred in all levels of the stroma, but mostly in the inner two thirds (Figure 1, B). They were Congophilic and showed apple-green birefringence on polarization, which is diagnostic of amyloid (Figure 1, C). Ultrastructurally, the abnormal deposits were strongly labeled for ig-h3 protein (Figure 3, A), in much higher concentration and quantity than in any normal corneal region, as was also true for the ig-h3–positive deposits in the other dystrophies. The characteristic tapering ends of the aggregates were seen to lie between collagen lamellae (Figure 3, A), where a thin layer of ig-h3 epitopes is found normally. At high magnification the 8- to 10-nm amyloid fibrils showed a typical matted pattern (Figure 3, B). Labeling for ig-h3 protein in the rest of the cornea appeared mildly reduced.
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Figure 3. Lattice corneal dystrophy type I, immunolabeled for ig-h3 protein. A, Densely gold-labeled amyloid fibrils extend between the lamellar collagen bundles, at the edge of a large lattice deposit (original magnification x25,448). B, Eight-nanometer to 10-nm labeled amyloid fibrils in center of the lattice lesion (original magnification x67,770).
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GRANULAR CORNEAL DYSTROPHY
By light microscopic histochemical analysis, the angular dense deposits of GCD in the superficial and midstroma showed a typical bright red positivity with the Masson trichrome stain (Figure 1, D). These crystalloid deposits were very electron dense ultrastructurally, with only a few small fenestrations, and labeled intensely for the ig-h3 protein (Figure 4, A). Under high magnification they showed a structure of fine fibrils, 2 to 3 nm in diameter, and were more electron dense peripherally. The collagen fibers of the Bowman layer were unlabeled (Figure 4, B). Labeling for ig-h3 protein in the surrounding stroma was mildly reduced, but appeared normal in the Descemet membrane and the deep attaching collagen fibers.
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Figure 4. Granular dystrophy, immunolabeled for ig-h3 protein. A, Dense angular plaques, heavily gold-labeled, with few fenestrae (original magnification x25,448). B, When magnified, deposits show a clear 2- to 3-nm fibrillar pattern. C indicates collagen (original magnification x110,970).
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SUPERFICIAL GRANULAR DYSTROPHY WITH ROD-SHAPED DEPOSITS (CDB-I)
A superficial corneal dystrophy diagnosed clinically as Reis-Bücklers dystrophy showed by light microscopy alternating horizontal layers of collagen and confluent deposits of small Masson trichrome red rods, replacing the Bowman layer (Figure 1, E). By electron microscopy the deposits consisted of a plethora of 0.58- to 1.87-µm rodlike bodies, often 0.3 µm in thickness and tending to stack together in layers, producing some thicker and longer forms (Figure 5, A). They appeared homogenous and intensely immunoreactive for ig-h3 protein (Figure 5, B). At high magnification a faint stippled-fibrillar structure was seen (Figure 5, B, inset), much finer than in the usual GCD (Figure 4, B). In the central cornea, small deposits of a similar nature were present in the deeper stroma.
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Figure 5. Superficial granular dystrophy (Reis-Bücklers with rod-shaped deposits). Specimen has been immunolabeled for ig-h3 protein. A, Layers of rod-shaped dense deposits alternate with collagen (C). One swollen keratocyte (KC) is seen in the collagen. EP indicates epithelium (original magnification x8400). B, The rod forms are heavily gold-labeled (original magnification x25,448). Inset, At high magnification the rods appear compact with a faint fibrillogranular pattern (original magnification x110,970).
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MIXED GRANULAR-LATTICE DYSTROPHY
The corneas with ACD had areas of confluent and isolated Masson trichrome red deposits superficially, tending to elevate the epithelium, associated with irregular loss of the Bowman layer (Figure 1, F). The stromal amyloid deposits (Figure 1, G) resembled those in LCD-I but small patches were also seen in the region of the Bowman layer. Ultrastructurally the superficial aggregates were very electron dense but not as heavily labeled for ig-h3 protein as in the usual GCD. They contained numerous lucent spaces (Figure 6, A) surrounded by well-labeled amorphous material. At high magnification the dense deposits were featureless, merging with the adjacent fine fibrillogranular material (Figure 6, B). The deeper stromal amyloid deposits were strongly labeled, infiltrating between the collagen bundles similar to those in LCD-I, although their 6- to 8-nm fibrils were thinner (Figure 6, C). The intervening stroma showed some reduction in ig-h3 binding, but the Descemet membrane had normal staining. Linear fibrils in the superficial region were less densely labeled than the stromal amyloid, and were mixed with fine ig-h3–labeled material (Figure 6, D). Under degenerating epithelial cells, there were labeled aggregates of GCD-like but looser fibrillar material (Figure 6, D, inset).
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Figure 6. Mixed granular-lattice dystrophy ("Avellino"). Specimen has been immunogold-labeled for ig-h3. A, Moderately labeled dense deposits show marked fenestration and irregular edges. Strong labeling of amorphous surrounding material (original magnification x25,448). B, High magnification reveals little detail in dense deposits but positivity on surrounding fine fibrillogranular material (original magnification x110,970). C, Heavy label on lattice amyloid fibrils among unstained collagen (C) (original magnification x67,770). D, Variation in superficial deposits including dense fenestrated material, fine granular and fibrillar material, and some linear amyloidlike deposits (arrow) (original magnification x67,770). Inset, Heavy labeling on fibrillogranular deposits under degenerating epithelial cell (E) (original magnification x85,147).
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THIEL-BEHNKE DYSTROPHY
In 2 patients with CDB-II dystrophy, saw-toothing of the epithelium over undulating subepithelial mounds and loss of the Bowman layer were noted by light microscopy (Figure 1, H). The ig-h3 antibody binding in the subepithelial region showed a diffuse pattern with intensely positive short strands and small clumps (Figure 1, I). Ultrastructurally, the characteristic 12- to 16-nm curly fibers were very electron dense and most distinct after routine epoxy resin embedding, where the collagen in the Bowman layer and superficial stroma stained only faintly with the uranyl acetate–lead citrate counterstain (Figure 7, A). The curly fibers were often in packets of 2 to 3 curved short fibers stacked together, sometimes attaching to fragments of interrupted epithelial basement membrane. In immunostained Lowicryl sections, the curly fibers were strongly reactive for ig-h3 protein (Figure 7, B). There was no gold label on the intervening collagen fibers, which were now more visible with the counterstain. Aggregates of curly fibers formed broad ig-h3–labeled networks extending into the superficial stroma. These tracked along the interlamellar junctions, clearly visible in oblique sections (Figure 7, C) and reminiscent of the normal concentration of ig-h3 epitopes at lamellar interfaces. Degenerate keratocytes and cell debris were more common than in most of the other dystrophies. The Descemet membrane had normal staining for ig-h3 protein.
COMMENT
The diffuse immunopositivity for ig-h3 in lesions of LCD-I, GCD, ACD, and both rod-shaped and curly fiber types of Reis-Bücklers dystrophy is consistent with reports of their association with missense mutations in the ig-h3 gene.1-3 The marked affinity of the ig-h3 antibody for the diagnostic deposits at high dilution and in greater concentration than in any area of the normal cornea indicates that this protein is a major component of the deposits, if not the main one. Supporting this hypothesis is evidence that ig-h3 protein is extractable in excess amounts from corneas with granular corneal dystrophy.20 Whether the deposits in these autosomal dominant dystrophies are composed solely of the mutant form of ig-h3 protein or contain a mixture of mutant and normal protein is currently unknown.
In 2 of our corneas diagnosed clinically as having Reis-Bücklers dystrophy, the presence of curly fibers ultrastructurally identified them as the Thiel-Behnke or CDB-II type.12, 16-17 A third cornea, with the same clinical diagnosis, had the confluent form of superficial GCD, with a plethora of Masson trichrome red rodlike deposits,7-15 called the CDB-I type of Reis-Bücklers by Küchle et al.12 The specific although quite different deposits in CDB-I and CDB-II were strongly ig-h3–positive, supporting an origin for both Thiel-Behnke curly fiber and superficial granular rod-shaped dystrophies from mutations in the ig-h3 gene. It has not been shown whether both variants result from the same missense mutation in codon 555 (R555Q) of the ig-h3 gene found by Munier et al1 in an unspecified case of Reis-Bücklers dystrophy. Alternatively, the CDB-I type might share the GCD mutation (R555W) in the same codon or involve a mutation elsewhere in the gene. The ultrastructural and molecular genetic spectrum of Reis-Bücklers–like clinical entities may not yet be fully known, as another dystrophy reported to be a Thiel-Behnke type has recently been mapped to the long arm of chromosome 10 (10q23-q24).25
The ig-h3 protein appears to be an important structural component in collagenous connective tissues. It is widely distributed and can be produced by both mesenchymal and epithelial cells, as shown in the earliest reports,19, 22-23 so the term "kerato-epithelin," used for ig-h3 protein in the corneal dystrophies,1-3 may be too restrictive for general usage. It seems to have an adhesive function and a role in regulation of growth and differentiation.19, 24 In the normal adult cornea, the distribution of ig-h3 protein was similar to that in previous studies,26 which suggested an anchoring function between the corneal stroma and the adjacent Descemet membrane and subepithelial tissues. In the present study, postembedding staining showed the major stromal binding of ig-h3 antibody was at interfaces between collagen lamellae and at junctions of collagen bundles attaching to disparate types of collagen such as in the Descemet membrane, and diffusely in the Bowman layer. A similar distribution in the bovine cornea and other collagenous tissues has been suggested to represent a "bridging" function for ig-h3 protein.24 There is increasing evidence that ig-h3 protein colocalizes with type VI collagen in many tissues.24, 26-27 The fine, wavy 3- to 4-nm fibrils we noted in the normal Bowman layer and at interlamellar junctions appeared to be collagen VI morphologically, but identification must be confirmed by specific immunostaining.
The similarity in distribution of dystrophic aggregates and the normal pattern of ig-h3 protein is noteworthy, with heaviest concentration in the Bowman region in the superficial dystrophies, and infiltration between lamellar tissue planes in dystrophies extending into the stroma. The continued expression of ig-h3 in fetal and adult corneal epithelium27-28 might lead to earlier and greater accumulation of mutant protein in the superficial dystrophies. Slower and later deposition in the stroma could be due to the low level of ig-h3 gene expression in stromal cells beyond fetal life, except in healing or disease processes.26-27 The frequency of degenerate epithelial and stromal cells in the dystrophies suggests that the protein over time is damaging to cells, whose death could add proteolytic factors, further potentiating abnormal ig-h3 protein polymerization.
How the ig-h3 gene mutations result in the structural changes seen in the dystrophic aggregates is a more complex problem. Munier et al1 suggest that the mutation in codon 555 in both GCD and Reis-Bücklers dystrophy could interrupt a predicted coiled-coil domain, allowing precipitation of proteins and formation of dimers and rod forms.29 The substitutions in codon 124 resulting in lattice lesions in LCD-I and ACD were suggested to be amyloidogenic,1 possibly from abolishing a phosphorylation site. Further explanation is required, however, for the associated granular changes in ACD.
The variety of structural forms resulting from accumulation of ig-h3 proteins in the dystrophic aggregates is considerable, raising the question of whether other corneal components contribute to the aggregates. Substances reported to date include lectin-positive carbohydrate in LCD-I, GCD, and ACD,6, 30 amyloid P protein in LCD-I,30 and phospholipids in GCD.31 Mutant ig-h3 protein may bind these lipid and carbohydrate moieties aberrantly so they become incorporated in the deposits. Thus the aggregate structure could be related to both the specific mutation and availability of other components in the matrix. The proportion of mutated protein and genetic differences in other matrix components may also affect the resultant forms, as suggested by the wide variation in clinical phenotype in some families with ACD.32
Further study of ig-h3 mutations is expected to give valuable insights into the role of ig-h3 protein in normal corneal structure and function, and potentially lead to innovations in treatment of these dystrophies.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication October 2, 1998.
This research was supported in part by grants EY01602 and EY00146 from the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, and by an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness Inc, New York, NY. Presented as an abstract at the annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Fort Lauderdale, Fla, May 13, 1998.
Reprints: Barbara W. Streeten, MD, Department of Pathology, Weiskotten Hall, Room 2107, SUNY Health Science Center, 766 Irving Ave, Syracuse, NY 13210.
From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse (Drs Streeten and Qi and Ms Strauss); Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC (Dr Klintworth); Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa (Dr Eagle); and Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Corp, Princeton, NJ (Dr Bennett).
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