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Imaging Zonular Abnormalities Using Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
Charles J. Pavlin, MD, FRCSC;
Yvonne M. Buys, MD, FRCS;
Thillainathan Pathmanathan, MBBChir, FRCS
Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:854-857.
ABSTRACT
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Objectives To evaluate the use of ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in detecting ciliary zonular defects and to describe the UBM signs of such defects.
Methods Eighteen eyes of 18 patients with clinically suspected zonular abnormalities were evaluated using UBM. Predisposing factors included pseudoexfoliation, congenital spherophakia, surgical procedure, trauma, and the Marfan syndrome.
Results Of 18 eyes, 11 showed UBM evidence of missing zonules and 11 showed evidence of zonular stretch. Four of the 18 eyes had both missing and stretched zonular fibers. All of the eyes examined showed increased lenticular sphericity in the area of zonular disorder. Nine eyes showed ciliary body flattening. Pupillary block was seen in 5 patients, and angle crowding due to direct iridal rotation was noted in 3.
Conclusions Ultrasound biomicroscopy can detect zonular loss and stretching directly. Increased lenticular sphericity and ciliary body flattening are signs of zonular defects. Angle closure mechanisms include pupillary block and direct iridal rotation.
INTRODUCTION
VARIOUS congenital and acquired ocular and systemic conditions are associated with ciliary zonular abnormalities. Slitlamp signs such as phacodonesis, iridodonesis, lenticular subluxation, and lenticular dislocation can suggest that zonular abnormalities exist. Although these signs of increased lenticular mobility can imply a zonular defect, the nature and extent of this defect is frequently uncertain because of the difficulty in visualizing the zonule through the intact iris. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) allows in vivo imaging of anterior segment structures, including the zonules, at microscopic resolution.1 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of UBM to detect zonular abnormalities and to describe the UBM signs of such abnormalities.
PATIENTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS
We performed a retrospective review of 18 eyes of 18 patients with clinically suspected zonular abnormalities who were examined using UBM. The patients' ages ranged from 12 to 80 years; 8 were male and 10 were female. Clinical factors that led clinicians to recognize zonular abnormalities included signs of increased lenticular mobility, direct visualization of part of a disrupted zonule, or a history of a condition in which zonular abnormalities are frequently present.
The equipment used was a commercial version of the original equipment described by Pavlin and colleagues2-3 as developed by Humphrey Instruments (San Leandro, Calif). A 50-MHz transducer was used, which allowed a penetration depth of approximately 4 mm and a resolution of 40 µm. After informed consent was obtained, all scanning was performed with the patient in the supine position under the same room-lighting conditions. Radial images were taken through the lens, zonular bundles, and the ciliary body. A normal anterior zonule appears as a medium reflective line extending from the ciliary process to the lens margin (Figure 1). The anterior zonular fibers are always imaged when appropriate techniques are used. These techniques include placing the focal zone of the transducer at the anterior zonular region, orienting the scanning plane perpendicular to the zonular path, and moving the probe slightly to optimize sound reflection from this structure. The posterior zonular fibers frequently cannot be detected because of difficulty scanning in this region due to interference from the lens margin.
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Figure 1. An ultrasound biomicroscopic image of a normal angle showing the relationship of the zonule to the lens and ciliary body. The zonule (arrow) extends to the lens surface, which has a relatively flat profile in this region.
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RESULTS
All 18 eyes with clinically suspected zonular abnormalities also showed UBM signs of such abnormalities. Eleven (61%) of the 18 eyes had missing zonules on UBM, and 11 of the 18 eyes had zonular stretch. The term "zonular stretch" is defined below. Of the 18 eyes, 4 (22%) had both missing zonules and zonular stretch. Missing zonular fibers were assumed by the failure to detect them on direct imaging (Figure 2). "Zonular stretch" was a descriptive term we have applied to the appearance of increased zonular length as compared with normal UBM zonular structure (Figure 3). The length of the anterior zonular fibers is normally less than 1 mm, but the stretched zonular fibers were more than 2 mm long. Two eyes (11%) showed echodense areas presumed to be zonular remnants attached to the lens (Figure 4). The diagnoses in the patients with zonular remnants were postoperative iridocyclectomy and pseudoexfoliation.
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Figure 2. An ultrasound biomicroscopic image of the eye of a patient with the Marfan syndrome showing an area of missing zonules (arrow) and increased distance between the lens and ciliary body.
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Figure 3. An ultrasound biomicroscopic image of the eye of a patient with spherophakia showing zonular stretch (arrow).
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Figure 4. An ultrasound biomicroscopic image of the eye of a patient with pseudoexfoliation showing zonular remnants on the lens margin (arrow).
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All eyes examined had increased lenticular sphericity in the areas of zonular abnormality (Figure 5). This increased sphericity was detected by direct observation of the image and comparison with the normal appearance of the lens in the zonular region. Eyes with partial zonular loss showed increased lenticular curvature confined to the region of loss. Of the 18 eyes, 11 (61%) showed ciliary body flattening in the region of zonular abnormality (Figure 6).
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Figure 5. An ultrasound biomicroscopic image of the eye of a patient with trauma showing increased lenticular sphericity (arrow) in the region of missing zonules.
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Figure 6. An ultrasound biomicroscopic image of the eye of a patient with anterior segment dysgenesis showing ciliary body flattening (arrow).
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Eight eyes (44%) also showed narrow angles. Pupillary block, as defined by the presence of anterior iridal convexity, was responsible in 5 of these 8 eyes (Figure 7). In the remaining 3 eyes, the angle narrowing was produced by direct anterior iridal rotation in the absence of pupillary block (Figure 8).
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Figure 7. An ultrasound biomicroscopic image of the eye of a patient with spherophakia showing angle narrowing due to pupillary block. Note the anterior iridal bowing (arrow).
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Figure 8. An ultrasound biomicroscopic image of the eye of a patient with trauma showing angle narrowing due to iridal rotation. Note the straight configuration of the iris (arrow).
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COMMENT
The ciliary body4 and zonular fibers5 have previously been imaged with UBM. This study confirms the ability of UBM to consistently and accurately identify and localize zonular abnormalities. This direct approach can be valuable in confirming clinical impressions based on indirect signs. The ability to determine the degree and extent of zonular abnormalities could be of value in planning the surgical approach to cataract removal. In addition, UBM helps define the mechanism of angle closure induced by zonular weakness and changes in lenticular configuration and position. Subtle weakness in the zonular structure, however, is unlikely to be detected by UBM.
The patients in our study had diverse causes of zonular abnormalities. Ultrasound biomicroscopy was consistently able to accurately identify and localize these defects. The UBM signs of zonular abnormality can be divided into direct and indirect signs. The direct signs of zonular defects include missing zonular fibers, increased zonular fiber length, and the presence of zonular remnants on the lens capsule. The indirect signs include increased lenticular sphericity, ciliary body flattening, and increased lens–ciliary body distance. The increase in regional lenticular sphericity is of interest. The loss of zonular tension produced a tendency for the lens to assume a more spherical form, a process that is likely an exaggeration of the normal lenticular changes that occur with accommodation.
In our study, trauma was the most commonly identified cause of zonular defects. Nishikawa and Okisaka6 have shown that younger patients have stronger zonules than older patients. In addition, when excessive force is applied, the zonules tend to break in the region adjacent to the ciliary body in younger patients, whereas in older patients, the break occurs adjacent to the lenticular margin. Our patients with trauma showed areas of missing zonules, but the point of rupture could not be determined because zonular remnants could not be identified. Three patients with trauma showed localized areas of absent zonular fibers. Of interest is that in the area of missing zonular fibers, the lens appeared more curved than the area with intact zonules. The transition zone between intact and missing zonular fibers could be clearly defined and designated in clock hours. These features were also noted in the 2 patients who had had iridocyclectomy.
Three of our patients had the Marfan syndrome. The embryonic development of the zonule takes place during the third and fourth months.7 Genetic alterations in conditions such as the Marfan syndrome can result in zonular abnormalities. Lenticular dislocation occurs in approximately 80% of patients with the Marfan syndrome.8-10 Two of our patients with the syndrome showed large areas of missing zonules with lenticular dislocation. The ciliary body was flattened in the region of missing zonules.
The pseudoexfoliation syndrome is associated with a high incidence of phacodonesis, spontaneous lenticular dislocation,11 zonular dehiscence, and posterior capsular rupture12 during cataract extraction. It is of interest that our patient with pseudoexfoliation showed prominent zonular remnants attached to the lens capsule. This may imply that the source of rupture is more peripheral in these patients, either at the ciliary process or midzonule.
The zonules in spherophakia have been described as being elongated.13 The UBM signs of spherophakia have been described previously.14 We describe 3 more patients in our study, all of whom showed stretched zonules. The ciliary processes in the patients with spherophakia appeared of normal length but thinner and less well formed than normal. The steep anterior lenticular curvature and stretched zonular fibers were easily noted on UBM in all of our patients. All 3 patients showed narrow angles, 1 due to pupillary block and 2 due to direct iridal rotation.
Anterior chamber angle narrowing or closure may be causally or coincidentally associated with zonular defects. Ultrasound biomicroscopy is useful in establishing a diagnosis of a narrow or closed angle and can help define the mechanism of angle narrowing. Pupillary block is produced when the iris-lens interface is anterior to the iridal root. This can occur with the increased lenticular sphericity that occurs with extensive zonular loss. The UBM hallmark of this mechanism is an anterior bowing of the iris caused by the pressure differential between the posterior and anterior chambers. Three of our patients, however, displayed angle narrowing in the absence of iridal convexity. In these patients, 2 with congenital spherophakia with extremely shallow anterior chambers and 1 with trauma, the angle was narrowed by direct anterior rotation of the iris. The iris in these patients was planar, with the tip of the iris being supported by the anteriorly displaced lenticular surface and the iris rotated forward at its root, producing contact between the anterior iridal surface and the trabecular meshwork. This mechanism of angle closure has not previously been clearly defined. The importance of differentiating this mechanism from pupillary block relates to the likelihood that these patients will not respond to iridotomy.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication April 8, 1998.
Reprints: Charles J. Pavlin, MD, FRCS(C), Ocular Oncology Service, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2N9 (e-mail: 73521.2371{at}compuserve.com).
From the Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Ontario Cancer Institute–Princess Margaret Hospital (Dr Pavlin), and the Department of Ophthalmology, The Toronto Hospital, University of Toronto (Drs Buys and Pathmanathan), Toronto, Ontario. The authors have no financial interest in the ultrasound biomicroscope.
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