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Malignant Epithelial Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland
A Clinicopathologic Study of 21 Cases
Ramon L. Font, MD;
Shannon L. Smith, MD;
Richard G. Bryan, MD, PhD
Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:613-616.
ABSTRACT
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Objective To analyze 120 lacrimal gland masses collected during a 23-year period in the Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory at the Cullen Eye Institute, Houston, Tex.
Methods Of the 120 lacrimal gland tumors, we focused on a detailed clinicopathologic study of 21 malignant epithelial tumors. Follow-up was available in 19 (90%) of 21 cases.
Results About two thirds of the masses (75 cases) were inflammatory, one third (41 cases) were of epithelial origin, and 3% (4 cases) were malignant lymphomas. Of the epithelial tumors, 17 (41%) were benign mixed tumors, 12 (29%) were adenoid cystic carcinomas arising de novo, 2 (5%) were adenocarcinoma arising de novo, 7 (17%) were malignant mixed tumors, and 3 (7%) were metastatic carcinoma. All of the patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma had local recurrences, and 60% of the patients died of their tumors (mean survival, 5 years); only 2 patients were alive 13 and 16 years after the initial surgery, both of whom had radical surgical procedures for recurrence following orbital exenteration.
Conclusion The histopathologic classification and management of these tumors are discussed. This study supports the dismal prognosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma arising de novo.
INTRODUCTION
MASSES OF the lacrimal gland are generally divided into 4 categories: inflammatory lesions, lymphomas, metastatic cancer, and primary epithelial tumors. Metastatic carcinoma to the lacrimal gland is uncommon but can be observed, particularly with breast and lung carcinoma.1 The most common epithelial tumors are, in order, benign mixed tumor (BMT) (pleomorphic adenoma), adenoid cystic carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Other rare variants of carcinoma are also seen, such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Some of the primary malignant epithelial tumors may arise from a preexisting BMT (pleomorphic adenoma) through a malignant transformation, but most arise de novo.
Because epithelial tumors of the lacrimal gland are uncommon (5% of biopsy specimens from expanding orbital masses2), many of the published reports concerning the clinicopathologic correlations and follow-up of these tumors have contained few patients. This series of lacrimal gland masses represents the 23-year experience of the Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory at the Cullen Eye Institute, Houston, Tex. We have also obtained clinical follow-up information for most of the patients with primary malignant epithelial tumors of the lacrimal gland.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We reviewed 120 cases of lacrimal gland tumors on file in the Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory at the Cullen Eye Institute during a 23-year period. Twenty-one of these were primary malignant epithelial tumors, all of which were studied in detail. After careful review of the slides, each case was classified by histopathologic diagnosis, using the classification of the World Health Organization.3 Clinical and follow-up data were obtained in 19 of 21 patients with primary malignant epithelial tumors.
Inflammatory tumors, malignant lymphomas, metastatic tumors, and BMTs were included in the general classification of the 120 cases studied, but were excluded from the detailed analysis.
RESULTS
INCIDENCE
We have collected 120 cases of lacrimal gland masses during a 23-year period (Table 1). Of these, 67% of the cases were nonepithelial in origin. These included 75 inflammatory masses and 4 primary lymphomas of the lacrimal gland. Most of the inflammatory masses were chronic dacryoadenitis, either of infectious or autoimmune cause.
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Table 1. Histologic Classification of 120 Lacrimal Fossa Masses During a 23-Year Period
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Of the 41 epithelial tumors encountered, 17 (41%) were BMT, also known as pleomorphic adenoma, and 24 (59%) were malignant epithelial tumors, including 3 metastatic carcinomas. The metastatic malignant epithelial tumors included 2 breast carcinomas and one mucus-secreting carcinoma of unknown primary site.
The 21 primary malignant epithelial tumors consisted of 14 tumors arising de novo (67%) and 7 tumors arising from a preexisting BMT (malignant mixed tumor [MMT]) (33%) (Table 1). Adenocarcinoma more commonly arose as an MMT (4 of 6 cases) and adenoid cystic carcinoma more commonly arose de novo (11 of 12 cases), although 1 case of MMT was classified as adenoid cystic carcinoma.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma generally affected younger middle-aged men (mean age, 44 years; 9 of 13 men) (Table 2). Adenocarcinoma generally affected older middle-aged men (mean age, 60 years; 5 of 6 men) (Table 2). No obvious racial bias was identified (data not shown).
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Table 2. Epidemiologic Characteristics of Patients With Primary Malignant Epithelial Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland
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RECURRENCES
Twelve (63%) of 19 patients with primary malignant epithelial tumors with known follow-up had at least 1 recurrence at a mean interval of 1.6 years from the time of initial excision (Table 3). Most of these recurrences involved orbital bones, intraorbital structures, and direct intracranial extension. All 12 adenoid cystic carcinomas had local recurrences with a mean interval of 3.25 years, but 2 of the 5 patients with adenocarcinoma had no evidence of local recurrence. To further reinforce the poor prognosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma, 5 of 10 patients with known follow-up status had distant metastases, but only 1 of 4 patients with adenocarcinoma had distant metastases (Table 3). Both patients with MMT, one with mucoepidermoid carcinoma and the other with carcinosarcoma, had local recurrences and distant metastases of their tumors. Twenty-five percent of all patients with tumor recurrence had documented incomplete removal of the mass at the time of initial excision (data not shown).
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Table 3. Incidence of Tumor Recurrence After Initial Surgical Excision
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Of the patients who underwent excision of a first recurrence, 46% had a second recurrence at a mean interval of 9.7 months from the time of excision of the first recurrence. All patients with more than 1 recurrence had adenoid cystic carcinoma arising de novo. One of these patients had a third recurrence (intracranial extension).
LAST KNOWN STATUS OF PATIENTS
Of the 10 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma arising de novo and with known follow-up (Table 4), 6 patients were known to have died of their tumors with a short mean survival time (4.5 years from time of initial surgery), and 1 patient who had brain metastases died of complications related to a fall. However, 2 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma are alive and well 13 and 16 years after initial surgery. Both of these patients had early orbital exenteration followed by radical excisions of 1 and 2 recurrences, respectively. Of the 2 patients with adenocarcinoma arising de novo, 1 is alive and well 1.5 years after excision; the other died of his tumor with a survival of 4 years following initial surgery.
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Table 4. Follow-up Information of 18 Patients With Primary Malignant Epithelial Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland
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Of the 6 patients with MMT (adenoid cystic carcinoma or adenocarcinoma arising from a BMT) and known follow-up information (Table 4), 2 died of their tumors, 3 are alive and well, and 1 died of unknown causes. Two patients had rare variants of MMT (Table 4). The patient with mucoepidermoid carcinoma is known to be dead of his tumor, with survival time of 15 months after diagnosis of malignant transformation. His total clinical course ran 19 years and included multiple excisions of recurrent BMT prior to malignant transformation. The patient with carcinosarcoma is presumed to have died of her tumor because she developed lung metastases and was subsequently lost to follow-up.
COMMENT
This series of 120 patients represents the 23-year experience of the Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory of the Cullen Eye Institute at the Baylor College of Medicine with masses involving the lacrimal gland. Our data demonstrate that approximately two thirds of the lacrimal gland masses were nonepithelial in origin, mostly inflammatory in nature. These data contradict the commonly taught theory that 50% of the masses arising in the lacrimal fossa are epithelial and 50% are nonepithelial, as was shown in the study by Reese2 of 504 patients with biopsy-proven expanding orbital lesions. The results of our study are more consistent with recent data from Shields and Shields,4 which also showed that approximately two thirds of 142 biopsy specimens from lacrimal gland masses were nonepithelial in origin.
Malignant lacrimal gland tumors are quite rare, and thus information about them in the literature is relatively sparse. There have been several other reports of epithelial tumors of the lacrimal gland from the 1930s (before the modern classification system of lacrimal gland tumors was proposed by Forrest5) up to the 1990s, but many of these studies had limited follow-up information. However, 2 larger studies from Zimmerman et al6 (116 cases) and the larger clinicopathologic and follow-up study by Font and Gamel7 (265 cases) from the Registry of Ophthalmic Pathology at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology has provided the most comprehensive database to date. In addition, there is a recent review of 50 cases of malignant epithelial tumors of the lacrimal gland8 at a referral orbital clinic at Moorsfield Eye Hospital in Great Britain. The data for all of these studies, including ours, were collected at a tertiary referral center, thus indicating a possible bias toward more difficult cases.
Our data on the epidemiology and follow-up are consistent with those reported by Font and Gamel7 and Wright et al8 within the limits of statistical analysis. These similarities apply to incidence of tumor type, age, race, incidence of recurrence, duration of symptoms, and clinical outcome.
Despite the dismal prognosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma and the high frequency of recurrent disease, there were 2 long-term survivors in our study (13 and 16 years) of the 11 patients with known follow-up, although both these patients required a second surgical procedure for recurrent disease. This percentage of long-term survival is not statistically different than the 15-year actuarial survival curves reported by Font and Gamel,9 which showed a 14% survival. Both of these patients were treated with early primary exenteration with local irradiation, raising the possibility that this more aggressive treatment is preferable for improving the chances of long-term survival. Aggressive treatment is also advocated by Wright et al,8 who suggested in their study that long-term survivors were disproportionately treated with radical cranio-orbital resections as opposed to more conservative measures, even if the mean survival was not significantly different. However, some studies have suggested that the treatment modality makes the difference in the survival.7, 9-10 The problem with arriving at a consensus for treatment is that the number of long-term survivors with adenoid cystic carcinoma is so low that all studies advocating any particular treatment modality are anecdotal.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication January 21, 1998.
This study was supported in part by grants from the Retina Research Foundation, Houston, Tex, and Research to Prevent Blindness Inc, New York, NY.
Reprints: Ramon L. Font, MD, Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.
From the Departments of Ophthalmology (Drs Font, Smith, and Bryan) and Pathology (Dr Font), Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
REFERENCES
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1. Ferry AP, Font RL. Carcinoma metastatic to the orbit. Mod Probl Ophthalmol. 1975;14:377-381.
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2. Reese AB. Expanding lesions of the orbit (Bowman lecture). Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1971;91:85.
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3. Thackray AC, Sobin LH. Histologic typing of salivary gland tumors. In: International Histologic Classification of Tumors, No. 70. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1972.
4. Shields CL, Shields JA. Review of lacrimal gland lesions. Trans Pa Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1990;42:925-930.
5. Forrest AW. Epithelial lacrimal gland tumors: pathology as a guide to prognosis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol. 1954;58:848.
6. Zimerman LE, Sanders TE, Ackerman LV. Epithelial tumors of the lacrimal gland: prognostic and therapeutic significance of histologic types. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1962;2:337-367.
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7. Font RL, Gamel JW. Epithelial tumors of the lacrimal gland: an analysis of 265 cases. In: Jakobiec FA, ed. Ocular and Adnexal Tumors. New York, NY: Aesculapius Publishers Inc; 1978:787-805.
8. Wright JE, Rose GE, Garner A. Primary malignant neoplasms of the lacrimal gland. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:401-407.
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9. Font RL, Gamel JW. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland: a clinicopathologic study of 79 cases. In: Nicholson D, ed. Ocular Pathology Update. New York, NY: Mason Publishing Co; 1980:277-283.
10. Forrest AW. Pathologic criteria for effective management of epithelial lacrimal gland tumors. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971;1:178-192.
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