 |
|
Late-Onset Bleb Leaks After Glaucoma Filtering Surgery
David S. Greenfield, MD;
Jeffrey M. Liebmann, MD;
Jimmy Jee, MD;
Robert Ritch, MD
Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:443-447.
ABSTRACT
| |
Objective To determine the incidence of focal, late-onset, conjunctival bleb leaks after glaucoma filtering surgery.
Design Prospective, cross-sectional analysis.
Setting Tertiary care outpatient referral center.
Patients Consecutive patients who underwent glaucoma filtering surgery prior to June 1996 presenting for evaluation from September 2, 1996, through November 15, 1996. Five hundred twenty-five eyes of 525 consecutive patients were enrolled in the study.
Intervention Bleb height (elevated or flat), area (diffuse or localized), and wall thickness (thin, thick, or encapsulated) were classified. Each bleb was tested for focal leakage using a moistened fluorescein strip, cobalt blue illumination, and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Diffuse transconjunctival aqueous flow did not qualify as a focal leak.
Main Outcome Measure Seidel-positive aqueous leakage.
Results Bleb leakage occurred in 14 eyes following trabeculectomy (mitomycin C treatment, 10 eyes; 5-fluorouracil treatment, 3 eyes; no antifibrosis agent, 1 eye) and in 1 eye following combined cataract and glaucoma surgery with adjunctive mitomycin C therapy. Bleb leakage occurred more frequently in eyes that received mitomycin C (10 [3.7] of 273 eyes) than 5-fluorouracil (3 [1.4] of 213 eyes) or no antifibrosis agent (1 [2.6] of 39 eyes), using Kaplan-Meier estimates (P=.008, log-rank test). Conjunctival blebs were significantly thinner after trabeculectomy with mitomycin C than with 5-fluorouracil (P=.001). Bleb wall thickness was greater following combined cataract and glaucoma surgery than following trabeculectomy alone (P=.008). Age (P=.84), sex (P=.68), race (P=.77), duration of mitomycin C exposure (P=.62), number of antiglaucoma medications (P=.16), and total 5-fluorouracil dose (P=.85) were not associated with late-onset leaks.
Conclusions The risk of late-onset focal bleb leakage increases following trabeculectomy with mitomycin C therapy. Late leakage after combined cataract and glaucoma surgery is infrequent.
INTRODUCTION
AQUEOUS leakage from a conjunctival filtering bleb may occur as an early or late complication of glaucoma filtration surgery. If the leakage is left untreated, vision-threatening complications may result, including ocular hypotony and maculopathy, shallowing of the anterior chamber, peripheral anterior synechiae, cataract formation, corneal decompensation, choroidal effusion, suprachoroidal hemorrhage, and endophthalmitis. Although many treatment options have been proposed,1-15 successful closure of late bleb leaks following glaucoma filtering surgery remains a controversial and challenging management problem.
The reported rate of bleb leakage after filtration surgery varies widely and is affected by study sample size, surgical technique, duration of follow-up, and definition of aqueous leakage. Many reports do not distinguish the incidence of early perioperative wound leaks from late-onset leakage, which is associated with a thin, avascular conjunctiva. In addition, Susanna et al3 reported markedly different rates of aqueous leakage in a study comparing spontaneous bleb leakage with leakage after provocation using ocular digital massage (0% and 31%, respectively).
Although the conjecture is unproven, bleb leakage is thought to be more frequent in eyes that have received perioperative antifibrosis agents. Bleb leaks in eyes treated with 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin C may occur in 5% to 30% of patients.16-23 Leaks in these eyes may take longer to heal because of the thin, avascular tissue and associated abnormal fibrovascular response.24-25 Histopathological examination of blebs after trabeculectomy with mitomycin C treatment reveals irregularities in the conjunctival epithelium, breaks in the basement membrane, and conjunctival and subconjunctival hypocellularity, each of which may predispose to bleb leaks.26-29 We performed a prospective, cross-sectional study to determine the incidence of and associated clinical factors for late bleb leakage in patients after trabeculectomy.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
All patients filtered prior to June 1996 and seen in the private practices of D.S.G., J.M.L., and R.R. at The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, from September 2, 1996, to November 15, 1996, were enrolled in the study. Each patient had undergone previous trabeculectomy (with or without antifibrosis agents) or combined trabeculectomy (with or without antifibrosis agents), cataract extraction, and intraocular lens implantation by 1 of the aforementioned surgeons. If both eyes had undergone filtering surgery, the right eye was enrolled.
Trabeculectomy was performed at the superior limbus using either a limbus-based or fornix-based approach following regional anesthesia and povidone-iodine preparation. Meticulous hemostasis was achieved with light bipolar cautery. A half-thickness scleral flap was outlined at the surgical limbus. Intraoperative mitomycin C (0.5 mg/mL) or 5-fluorouracil (50 mg/mL) was applied to eyes at risk for trabeculectomy failure for variable intervals using a saturated surgical spear (Weck-Cel, Weck Ophthalmics, Jacksonville, Fla) placed between the scleral flap and Tenon fascia, after which copious irrigation with balanced salt solution was performed. A clear corneal paracentesis track was made at 90° from the filtration site. Using a 0.75-mm Kelly Descemet punch (Storz Ophthalmics, St Louis, Mo), an internal block of clear corneal and trabecular meshwork tissue was removed. A peripheral iridectomy was performed and the scleral flap was sutured with 2 to 4 interrupted 10-0 monofilament nylon sutures. Limbus-based conjunctival incisions were closed with either a running 10-0 nylon suture on a CU-5 (Alcon Surgical, Alcon Laboratories, Ft Worth, Tex) needle or a 9-0 polyglactin suture on a vascular needle. Fornix-based conjunctival incisions were closed with 2 to 3 10-0 nylon sutures. Additional balanced salt solution was injected into the anterior chamber to re-form the filtering bleb and to verify that the wound was watertight. Subconjunctival injections of gentamicin sulfate (20 mg) and methylprednisolone sodium succinate (20 mg) were administered and the eyes were patched after topical application of a combined steroid and antibiotic ointment of neomycin sulfate, polymyxin B sulfate, and 0.1% dexamethasone. When 5-fluorouracil was used, variable numbers of subconjunctival injections (5 mg per injection) were administered (a 30-gauge needle attached to a 1-mL tuberculin syringe) 180° away from the filtering site during the first 2 postoperative weeks.
Combined cataract and glaucoma surgery was performed using a fornix-based conjunctival incision. In eyes undergoing phacoemulsification, a 3.5-mm wide, half-thickness scleral groove was made approximately 1 mm posterior to the limbus and a scleral tunnel was dissected. In eyes undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction, a half-thickness scleral flap was outlined at the surgical limbus and a 180° superior limbal incision was created. In most eyes, mitomycin C (0.5 mg/mL) or 5-fluorouracil (50 mg/mL) was applied to the surface of the scleral bed for variable intervals. Postoperative subconjunctival infections were administered as previously described.
The clinical examination procedure included characterization of bleb appearance and assessment for bleb leakage, as follows. Under cobalt blue slitlamp illumination, a moistened sterile fluorescein strip was applied to the bleb surface. A leak was defined as a spontaneous focal-point source of aqueous leakage from an area of interrupted conjunctival tissue occurring at least 3 months postoperatively. Diffuse transconjunctival aqueous flow, or "bleb sweat," did not qualify as a leak. No eyes in this investigation underwent digital massage to enhance visualization of conjunctival leakage.
Blebs were classified by height (elevated or flat), area (diffuse or localized), and wall thickness by 1 of 3 investigators (D.S.G., J.M.L., and R.R.) who were masked to the patients' surgical histories. Thin-walled blebs were defined as blebs with a transparent conjunctiva where it was possible to visualize the scleral flap or nylon suture. Thick-walled blebs were defined as blebs with a nontransparent conjunctiva. Tenon capsule cysts were classified as encapsulated blebs.
Data abstracted from the patients' medical records included demographics, glaucoma diagnosis, date and type of glaucoma filtration surgery, previous ocular surgery, type and dose of antifibrosis agent (if applicable), concurrent antiglaucoma medication, and intraocular pressure (IOP). Evaluation of continuous variables was achieved using a Student t test. Categorical variables were evaluated with  2, Fisher exact test, or Spearman rank correlation when appropriate. Statistical significance was determined at P=.05. Each potential confounding variable was screened for association with the outcome. Only those confounding variables that were statistically associated were eligible for the potential final multivariate model.
RESULTS
Five hundred twenty five eyes of 525 patients were enrolled. Patient demographic data is summarized in Table 1. Bleb leaks were detected in 15 eyes (2.9%). There were no differences in age (P=.84), sex (P=.67), ethnicity (P=.46), glaucoma diagnosis (P=.56), length of postoperative follow-up (P=.27), number of previous conjunctival incisions (P=.25), number of concurrent antiglaucoma medications (P=.13), duration of mitomycin C exposure (P=.79), and total 5-fluorouracil dose (P=.85) in the leaking and nonleaking blebs (Table 2 and Table 3).
|
|
|
|
Table 1. Demographics of 525 Eyes in 525 Patients*
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 2. Characteristics of 525 Eyes in 525 Patients*
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 3. Clinical Characteristics and Bleb Appearance in Eyes With and Without Leakage*
|
|
|
Bleb leakage occurred in 14 eyes following trabeculectomy (mitomycin C treatment, 10 eyes; 5-fluorouracil treatment, 3 eyes; no antifibrosis agent, 1 eye) and in 1 eye following combined trabeculectomy with mitomycin C, cataract extraction, and intraocular lens implantation. Bleb leakage occurred more frequently in eyes that received mitomycin C (10 [3.7] of 273 eyes) than those that received 5-fluorouracil (3 [1.4] of 213 eyes) or no antifibrosis agent (1 [2.6] of 39 eyes), using Kaplan-Meier estimates (P=.008, log-rank test) (Figure 1). The clinical characteristics and bleb appearance in eyes with and without aqueous leakage are described in Table 3. Mean±SD IOP was significantly lower in eyes with bleb leaks (9.5±4.5 vs 15.4±6.9 mm Hg, P=.001, Student t test). Five (33.3%) of 15 eyes with leaks had an IOP of 14 mm Hg or more.
|
|
|
|
Kaplan-Meier estimation of bleb survival without development of late-onset leakage. Bleb leaks occurred more frequently in eyes that had received mitomycin C (P=.008, log-rank test).
|
|
|
Compared with nonleaking blebs, leaking blebs were more likely to be characterized as localized and thin-walled (P=.007 [Fisher exact test] and .02 [2 test], respectively). Leaks occurred in 12 (5.2%) of 231 blebs classified as thin, in 3 (1.1%) of 278 blebs classified as thick, and in 0 of 16 blebs classified as encapsulated. Bleb wall thickness was greater following combined surgery than following trabeculectomy (P=.008).
One hundred eighty-one eyes underwent trabeculectomy with 5-fluorouracil treatment and 170 eyes underwent trabeculectomy with mitomycin C treatment (Table 4). Conjunctival blebs were significantly thinner after trabeculectomy with mitomycin C than with 5-fluorouracil (P=.001, 2 test). The incidence of bleb leakage was significantly greater in eyes after trabeculectomy with mitomycin C than with 5-fluorouracil (5.9% vs 1.7%, P=0.05), despite the fact that follow-up was significantly longer in eyes after trabeculectomy with 5-fluorouracil (P<.001). Age, sex, ethnicity, IOP, number of antiglaucoma medications, bleb height, and bleb area were similar both in the eyes that had undergone 5-fluorouracil trabeculectomy and in those that had undergone mitomycin C trabeculectomy.
|
|
|
|
Table 4. Clinical Characteristics and Bleb Appearance in Eyes With 5-Fluorouracil vs Mitomycin C Trabeculectomy*
|
|
|
Bleb leak management included observation (5 eyes); placement of a large-diameter bandage contact lens (4 eyes); combined bandage contact lens placement, autologous blood injection, and compression suture repair (3 eyes); bleb excision and conjunctival advancement (2 eyes); and argon laser treatment following application of methylene blue dye (1 eye).
COMMENT
Aqueous leakage from a conjunctival filtering bleb may be classified as early or late. Early-onset bleb leaks, largely dependent on technical aspects of wound closure, generally occur within the first 3 postoperative months. Late-onset leaks are typically associated with thin, cystic, avascular blebs and occur months to years after surgery. In our study, we defined late-onset bleb leaks as those that develop at least 3 months after filtering surgery.
Leaks occur infrequently after trabeculectomy without antifibrosis agents but have been reported in 3.3% of eyes after full-thickness procedures.30 The reported rate of late-onset bleb leakage after glaucoma filtering surgery using mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil is highly variable and dependent upon individual wound-healing response, surgical procedure (ie, trabeculectomy vs combined cataract extraction and trabeculectomy), and surgical technique. Differences in sample size, length of follow-up, definition of aqueous leakage, spontaneous or provoked leak detection, and filtering bleb location also affect reported leak rates. The Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study Group18 reported late-onset leaks in 7.0% of eyes after 3 years of follow-up. Caronia et al31 reported a 12.9% rate of late leakage in eyes with filtering blebs after trabeculectomy with 5-fluorouracil at the inferior limbus. In eyes after trabeculectomy with 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin C, Susanna et al3 reported an increased rate of late-onset leak detection when digital ocular massage was performed. Others32-33 have reported an incidence of late leakage ranging between 4.2% and 10% after trabeculectomy with mitomycin C.
Study design (retrospective or prospective) will also affect the detection rate. Leaks are often only sought in eyes with hypotony, anterior chamber shallowing, choroidal detachment, or suspected infection. As such, retrospective reporting will underestimate the true incidence of leakage. Belyea et al34 retrospectively reviewed 385 consecutive eyes undergoing trabeculectomy with 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin C treatment and reported a 1.8% overall incidence of late-onset sequential multifocal leaks (5 eyes received 5-fluorouracil, 2 eyes received mitomycin C). Histopathological examination of 3 eyes demonstrated epithelial breakdown, hypocellularity, and stromal collagen necrosis in the bleb. To determine more clearly the incidence of late-onset leakage, we performed a prospective cross-sectional analysis of late-onset leakage among a consecutive series of eyes with filtration blebs with a minimum of 3 months postoperative follow-up.
In this cross-sectional series, we found that bleb leaks occurred 3 times more commonly following trabeculectomy with mitomycin C treatment than with 5-fluorouracil treatment, despite the fact that the duration of follow-up was significantly greater in the 5-fluorouracil–treated group than in the mitomycin C–treated group (P<.001). If these blebs become thinner over time, one would have expected a greater rate of late leakage in those eyes with longer follow-up. In contrast, others34-35 have retrospectively reported a greater incidence of late leakage after trabeculectomy with 5-fluorouracil. Belyea et al34 reported a slightly greater rate after filtering surgery with 5-fluorouracil treatment (2.6%) compared with surgery with mitomycin C treatment (1.0%). Katz et al35 reported 2 (11%) of 19 eyes with late-onset bleb leaks after trabeculectomy with 5-fluorouracil treatment compared with 1 (5%) of 20 eyes with mitomycin C treatment. It is unclear whether a greater number of leaks might have been identified if each patient in these series had been sequentially tested at every follow-up visit.
We found that, in contrast with early-onset bleb leakage, many eyes with late-onset leaks had normal IOP and elevated blebs. Five eyes (33%) with leaks had IOP of 14 mm Hg or greater, implying that IOP alone cannot predict which eyes will have leaks or determine which eyes should be tested for leaks. The value of routine Seidel testing, however, remains unclear. Although bleb leaks have been associated with endophthalmitis, a true causative relationship between the two has yet to be proven. In addition, the management of late bleb leakage is both complex and controversial. The risk-benefit ratio of closing conjunctival leaks, with the attendant risks of IOP elevation and visual loss, needs to be validated in a prospective, randomized fashion.
Bleb leakage was uncommon after combined glaucoma and cataract surgery in our study. Others36-39 have reported low rates of leakage after combined procedures. This is consistent with the infrequent development of hypotony and late endophthalmitis following combined cataract and glaucoma surgery, and reflects the thicker bleb walls present in these eyes.40-41 As expected, localized, thin-walled blebs in this series were more prone to leakage than diffuse blebs with thicker walls. Furthermore, bleb leakage in our series was almost 3 times more common in eyes that had undergone primary filtering surgery (3.7%) compared with eyes that had had prior conjunctival incisional surgery (1.3%), although this difference was statistically insignificant.
In conclusion, these data suggest that the risk of late-onset focal bleb leakage increases following trabeculectomy with adjunct mitomycin C therapy and occurs in as much as 6% of eyes. Localized, thin-walled blebs develop leaks more frequently than diffuse blebs with thicker walls. As such, late leakage after combined cataract and glaucoma surgery is infrequent.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication December 19, 1997.
This study was supported in part by the New York Glaucoma Research Institute, New York.
Presented as a scientific exhibit at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, May 15, 1997.
Reprints: Robert Ritch, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, 310 E 14th St, New York, NY 10003 (e-mail: ritch{at}inx.net).
From the Departments of Ophthalmology (Drs Greenfield, Liebmann, Jee, and Ritch) and Neurology (Dr Greenfield), The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, and New York Medical College, Valhalla.
REFERENCES
| |
1. Baum M, Weiss HS. Argon laser closure of conjunctival bleb leak. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:438.
2. Wilson MR, Kotas-Neumann R. Free conjunctival patch for repair of persistent late bleb leak. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117:569-574.
PUBMED
3. Susanna R Jr, Takahashi W, Nicolela M. Late bleb leakage after trabeculectomy with 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin C. Can J Ophthalmol. 1996;31:296-300.
PUBMED
4. Smith MF, Magauran III RG, Betchkal J, Doyle JW. Treatment of postfiltration bleb leaks with autologous blood. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:868-871.
ISI
| PUBMED
5. Smith MF, Magauran III RG, Doyle JW. Treatment of postfiltration bleb leak by bleb injection of autologous blood. Ophthalmic Surg. 1994;25:636-637.
PUBMED
6. Hennis HL, Stewart WC. Use of the argon laser to close filtering bleb leaks. von Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1992;230:537-541.
PUBMED
7. Keller C, To K. Bleb leak with hypotony after laser suture lysis and trabeculectomy with mitomycin C [letter]. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:427.
8. Schwartz AL, Weiss H. Bleb leak with hypotony after laser suture lysis and trabeculectomy with mitomycin C. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:1049.
ISI
| PUBMED
9. Melamed S, Ashkenazi I, Belcher III CD, Blumenthal M. Donor scleral graft patching for persistent filtration bleb leak. Ophthalmic Surg. 1991;22:164-165.
PUBMED
10. Fourman S, Wiley L. Use of a collagen shield to treat a glaucoma filter bleb leak. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;107:673-674.
PUBMED
11. Graham SL, Goldberg I. Cyanoacrylate adhesive closure of wound leaks following fornix-based trabeculectomy with adjunct 5-fluorouracil. J Glaucoma. 1993;2:297-302.
12. Grady FJ, Forbes M. Tissue adhesive for repair of conjunctival buttonhole in glaucoma surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 1969;68:656-658.
PUBMED
13. Kajiwara K. Repair of a leaking bleb with fibrin glue. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;109:598-599.
ISI
| PUBMED
14. Weber PA, Baker ND. The use of cyanoacrylate adhesive with a collagen shield in leaking filtering blebs. Ophthalmic Surg. 1989;20:284-285.
PUBMED
15. Ritch R, Schuman JS, Belcher III CD. Management of the leaking filtration bleb. J Glaucoma. 1993;2:114-118.
16. Katz GJ, Higginbotham EJ, Lichter PR, et al. Mitomycin C versus 5-fluorouracil in high risk glaucoma filtering surgery: extended follow-up. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:1263-1269.
ISI
| PUBMED
17. Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study Group. Fluorouracil filtering surgery study one-year follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;108:625-635.
ISI
| PUBMED
18. Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study Group. Three-year follow-up of the fluorouracil filtering surgery study. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;115:82-92.
ISI
| PUBMED
19. Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study Group. Five-year follow-up of the fluorouracil filtering surgery study. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;121:349-366.
ISI
| PUBMED
20. Franks WA, Hitchings RA. Complications of 5-fluorouracil after trabeculectomy. Eye. 1991;5:385-389.
PUBMED
21. Skuta GL, Beeson CC, Higginbotham EJ. Intraoperative mitomycin versus postoperative 5-fluorouracil in high-risk glaucoma filtering surgery. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:438-444.
ISI
| PUBMED
22. Ticho U, Ophir A. Late complications after glaucoma filtering surgery with adjunctive 5-fluorouracil. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;115:506-511.
ISI
| PUBMED
23. Cheung JC, Wright MM, Urali S, Pederson JE. Intermediate-term outcome of variable dose mitomycin C filtering surgery. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:143-149.
ISI
| PUBMED
24. Khaw PT, Doyle JW, Sherwood MB, Grierson I, Schultz G, McGorrey S. Prolonged localized tissue effects from 5-minute exposures to fluorouracil and mitomycin C. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:263-267.
ABSTRACT
25. Khaw PT, Doyle JW, Sherwood MB, Smith MF, McGorrey S. Effects of intraoperative 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin-C on glaucoma filtration surgery in the rabbit. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:367-372.
ISI
| PUBMED
26. Mietz H, Brunner R, Addicks K, Krieglstein GK. Histopathology of an avascular filtering bleb after trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C. J Glaucoma. 1993;2:266-270.
27. Shields MB, Scroggs MW, Sloop MW, Simmons RB. Clinical and histopathologic observations concerning hypotony after trabeculectomy with adjunctive mitomycin-C. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;116:673-683.
ISI
| PUBMED
28. Nuyts RMMA, Felton PC, Pels E, et al. Histopathologic effects of mitomycin C after trabeculectomy in human glaucomatous eyes with persistent hypotony. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;118:225-237.
ISI
| PUBMED
29. Greenfield DS, Parrish II RK. Bleb rupture following filtering surgery with mitomycin-C: clinicopathologic correlations. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1996;27:876-877.
PUBMED
30. Lamping KA, Bellows AR, Hutchinson BT, Afran SI. Long-term evaluation of initial filtration surgery. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:91-101.
ISI
| PUBMED
31. Caronia RM, Liebmann JM, Friedman R, et al. Trabeculectomy at the inferior limbus. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:387-391.
ABSTRACT
32. Prata JA Jr, Neves RA, Minckler DS, et al. Trabeculectomy with mitomycin C in glaucoma associated with uveitis. Ophthalmic Surg. 1994;25:616-620.
PUBMED
33. Singh J, O'Brien C, Chawla HB. Success rate and complications of intraoperative 0.2 mg/mL mitomycin C in trabeculectomy surgery. Eye. 1995;9:460-466.
34. Belyea DA, Dan JA, Stamper RL, et al. Late onset of sequential multifocal bleb leaks after glaucoma filtration surgery with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;124:40-45.
ISI
| PUBMED
35. Katz NR, Finger PT, McCormick SA, et al. Ultrasound biomicroscopy in the management of malignant melanoma of the iris. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:1462-1463.
ISI
| PUBMED
36. Berestka JS, Brown SVL. Limbus- versus fornix-based conjunctival flaps in combined phacoemulsification and mitomycin C trabeculectomy surgery. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:187-196.
ISI
| PUBMED
37. Lederer CM Jr. Combined cataract extraction with intraocular lens implant and mitomycin-augmented trabeculectomy. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:1025-1034.
ISI
| PUBMED
38. Carlson DW, Alward WLM, Barad JP, et al. A randomized study of mitomycin augmentation in combined phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:719-724.
ISI
| PUBMED
39. Belyea DA, Dan JA, Lieberman MF, Stamper RL. Midterm follow-up results of combined phacoemulsification, lens implantation, and mitomycin-C trabeculectomy procedure. J Glaucoma. 1997;6:90-98.
PUBMED
40. Suñer IJ, Greenfield DS, Miller MP, Palmberg PF. Hypotony maculopathy following filtering surgery with mitomycin C: incidence and treatment. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:207-215.
ISI
| PUBMED
41. Greenfield DS, Suñer IJ, Miller MP, et al. Endophthalmitis after filtering surgery with mitomycin. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:943-949.
ABSTRACT
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES
|
Surgical reduction of symptomatic, circumferential, filtering blebs.
Anis et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124:890-894.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Mitomycin C augmented glaucoma surgery: evolution of filtering bleb avascularity, transconjunctival oozing, and leaks
Anand et al.
Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2006;90:175-180.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Histopathologic Features of Conjunctival Filtering Blebs
Francis et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:166-170.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Microarray Analysis of the Failure of Filtering Blebs in a Rat Model of Glaucoma Filtering Surgery
Esson et al.
IOVS 2004;45:4450-4462.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Expression of Connective Tissue Growth Factor after Glaucoma Filtration Surgery in a Rabbit Model
Esson et al.
IOVS 2004;45:485-491.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Outcomes of bleb excision and conjunctival advancement for leaking or hypotonous eyes after glaucoma filtering surgery
Tannenbaum et al.
Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2004;88:99-103.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Therapy Using Human p21WAF-1/Cip-1 to Prevent Wound Healing in a Rabbit Model of Glaucoma Filtration Surgery
Perkins et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2002;120:941-949.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Incidence of Late-Onset Bleb-Related Complications Following Trabeculectomy With Mitomycin
DeBry et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2002;120:297-300.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Risk Factors for Late-Onset Infection Following Glaucoma Filtration Surgery
Jampel et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1001-1008.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Enhanced Short-Term Plasmid Transfection of Filtration Surgery Tissues
Angella et al.
IOVS 2000;41:4158-4162.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Bleb related ocular infection: a feature of the HELP syndrome
LIEBMANN and RITCH
Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2000;84:1338-1339.
FULL TEXT
Risk Factors for Glaucoma Filtering Bleb Infections
Soltau et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:338-342.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Human Anti-Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}2 Antibody: A New Glaucoma Anti-Scarring Agent
Cordeiro et al.
IOVS 1999;40:2225-2234.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Conjunctival Advancement for Late-Onset Filtering Bleb Leaks: Indications and Outcomes
Budenz et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:1014-1019.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
|
