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COMMENTS AND OPINIONS
Smoking and Age-Related Macular Degeneration—Reply
Ronald Klein, MD, MPH;
Michael D. Knudtson, MS;
Barbara E. K. Klein, MD, MPH
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In reply
Jonas and Ju have raised the question of a potentially confounding effect of the level of education and hyperopia on the described association between AMD and smoking that we describe in our article.1 This is based on their observation that less education and hyperopic refractive error is associated with AMD in their study, although these relationships have not been consistently found.2-3 We repeated our multivariate analyses including both education and refractive error in the models and did not find any changes in the relations between smoking and early AMD, as previously reported.1 Thus, we could not find supportive evidence in the Beaver Dam Eye Study that shows that the association between smoking and incident early AMD is mediated through the confounding effects of hyperopia and education.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Dr Klein, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual . . . [Full Text of this Article]
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RELATED ARTICLE
Further Observations on the Association Between Smoking and the Long-term Incidence and Progression of Age-related Macular Degeneration: The Beaver Dam Eye Study
Ronald Klein, Michael D. Knudtson, Karen J. Cruickshanks, and Barbara E. K. Klein
Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(1):115-121.
ABSTRACT
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RELATED LETTER
Smoking and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Jost B. Jonas and Liang Xu
Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(6):826-827.
EXTRACT
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