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Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1537-1538.

	Since this article does not have an abstract, we have provided the first 150 words of the full text and any section headings.

THE SITUATION with Russian ophthalmology cannot be fully understood without knowledge of the distinctive history of Russia. This huge country is located on 2 continents and is populated by many different ethnic groups whose rates of development have varied. Russia suffered heavy losses of lives and resources in both world wars, losing 27 million people in World War II alone. Nevertheless, Russia managed to become a world superpower. During the last century Russia has changed forms of government several times from monarchy to totalitarian socialism and now is on its way to becoming a working democracy. The field of ophthalmology continues to evolve as the country changes.

OPHTHALMOLOGY IN RUSSIA BEFORE THE REVOLUTION OF 1917

The formal training of physicians in Russia did not begin until 1654. Prior to this time, Russia did not have its own educated physicians and depended on physicians from abroad. The beginning of scientific ophthalmology in Russia dates to 1658 when About the . . . [Full Text of this Article]

OPHTHALMOLOGY IN THE USSR AND MODERN RUSSIA