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Risk Factors for Incident Retinopathy in a Diabetic and Nondiabetic Population
The Hoorn Study
Hendrik A. van Leiden, MD;
Jacqueline M. Dekker, PhD;
Annette C. Moll, MD, PhD;
Giel Nijpels, MD, PhD;
Robert J. Heine, MD, PhD;
Lex M. Bouter, PhD;
Coen D. A. Stehouwer, MD, PhD;
Bettine C. P. Polak, MD, PhD
Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:245-251.
Objective To investigate the effect of glycosylated hemoglobin, age, sex, hypertension, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, serum lipid levels, and smoking on the incidence of retinopathy in persons with normal and abnormal glucose metabolism.
Methods The incidence of retinopathy was determined in 233 individuals, aged 50 to 74 years, by ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography at baseline and after an average follow-up of 9.4 years. Relative risks for retinopathy, estimated by odds ratios, were calculated for tertiles of cardiovascular risk factors at baseline. Logistic regression analysis was used, without and with adjustment for age, sex, hypertension, and glucose metabolism.
Results The cumulative incidences of retinopathy among individuals with normal, impaired, and diabetic glucose metabolism were 7.3%, 13.6%, and 17.5%, respectively. Adjusted odds ratios for retinopathy were 2.36 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-5.49) for hypertension and 3.29 (95% confidence interval, 1.11-9.72) and 8.67 (95% confidence interval, 1.85-40.60) for the highest tertiles of glycosylated hemoglobin level and waist-hip ratio, respectively. No consistent or statistically significant associations with retinopathy were present for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, and serum levels of triglycerides and total, high-density lipoprotein, and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P>.05 for all).
Conclusion Glycemia, hypertension, and abdominal obesity are determinants for retinopathy in a general population.
From the Departments of Ophthalmology (Drs van Leiden, Moll, and Polak), Endocrinology (Dr Heine), and Internal Medicine (Dr Stehouwer), and the Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (Drs van Leiden, Dekker, Moll, Nijpels, Heine, Bouter, Stehouwer, and Polak), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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