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The Beaver Dam Eye Study

Ronald Klein, MD, MPH; Barbara E. K. Klein, MD, MPH; Scot E. Moss, MA; Stacy M. Meuer, BS

Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:1446-1451.

Objective  To describe the 10-year incidence of retinal emboli, associated risk factors, and relationship of retinal emboli at baseline to stroke and ischemic heart disease mortality.

Methods  The Beaver Dam Eye Study is a large (N = 4926) population-based study of persons 43 to 86 years of age at the time of the baseline examination. Retinal emboli were detected at baseline (1988-1990) and at a 5-year (1993-1995) and 10-year (1998-2000) follow-up by grading of stereoscopic 30° color fundus photographs using standardized protocols. Cause-specific mortality was determined from death certificates.

Results  The 10-year cumulative incidence of retinal emboli was 1.5%. After adjustment for age and sex, the incidence of retinal emboli was associated with increased pulse pressure (odds ratio [OR] [fourth vs first quartile range], 2.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98-5.97; P = .03, for test of trend), higher serum total cholesterol level (OR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.06-7.23; P = .03), higher white blood cell count (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.04-4.96; P = .05), smoking status (OR [current vs never-smoker], 4.60; 95% CI, 2.08-10.16; P<.001), and a history of coronary artery bypass surgery (OR, 7.17; 95% CI, 3.18-16.18; P<.001) at baseline. After controlling for age, sex, and systemic factors, a significantly higher hazard of dying with a mention of stroke on the death certificate was found in people with retinal emboli (hazard ratio, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.16-4.99) compared with those without.

Conclusions  We found associations of smoking and cardiovascular disease with the incidence of retinal emboli. Persons with retinal emboli are also at increased risk of stroke-related death.

From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison. The authors have no relevant financial interest in this article.

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