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The Rotterdam Study

Raan S. Ramrattan, MD, MSc; Roger C. W. Wolfs, MD, PhD; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, MD; Jost B. Jonas, MD; Douwe Bakker, BSc; Huibert A. Pols, MD, PhD; Albert Hofman, MD, PhD; Paulus T. V. M. de Jong, MD, PhD, FRCOphth

Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1788-1794.

Objectives  To determine the prevalence and causes of visual field loss (VFL) and the association between VFL and indicators of impairment in daily functioning.

Design  Population-based cohort study.

Setting  Suburb of Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Participants  Community-dwelling elderly residents (n = 6250).

Main Outcome Measure  Visual field loss on suprathreshold static, Goldmann kinetic perimetry, or both.

Methods  Suprathreshold testing of the central visual field was performed on both eyes and repeated if results were abnormal or unreliable. Goldmann perimetry was performed to confirm defects. Causes were determined using ophthalmologic and neurologic examination data and medical records. Impairment was assessed using data from interviews and medical records on disability in daily life, falling, and fractures.

Results  The overall prevalence of VFL was 5.6% (3.0% in those aged 55-64 years to 17.0% in those 85 years); glaucoma was the leading cause in all age groups. Before age 75 years, other optic nerve diseases and stroke ranked second and third, respectively, as did age-related macular degeneration and retinal vascular occlusive disease, respectively, after this age. Also, after adjustment for visual acuity, VFL was associated with disability, diminished enjoyment of reading and watching television, and a higher risk of incident falling. Risk of incident hip fracture was not increased.

Conclusions  Visual field loss is present in 1 of every 20 community-dwelling elderly people and is associated with impaired daily functioning. Glaucoma is the leading cause in all age groups. Other high-ranking causes, some of which are partly preventable, vary by age.

From the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Ramrattan, Wolfs, Pols, Hofman, and de Jong), Ophthalmology (Drs Ramrattan and Wolfs), and Internal Medicine (Dr Pols), Erasmus University Medical School, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Drs Panda-Jonas and Jonas); the Department of Ophthalmology, the Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Mr Bakker and Dr de Jong); and the Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam (Dr de Jong).

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