This Article  • Full text  • PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Citing articles on Web of Science (102)  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Topic Collections  • Macular Degeneration  • Alert me on articles by topic  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

The Blue Mountains Eye Study

Wayne Smith, BMed, BMath, MPH; Paul Mitchell, MD, FRACO, FRCOphth; Stephen R. Leeder, MBBS, PhD; Jie Jin Wang, MBBS, MClinEpi

Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:583-587.

Objective  To assess the relationship between stages of age-related maculopathy (ARM) and cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease risk factors, including serum lipid and plasma fibrinogen levels, smoking, cardiovascular events, systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity.

Design  A cross-sectional study of 3654 subjects from a defined geographic area identified subjects with late age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) and early ARM from the masked grading of retinal photographs. The history, physical examination findings, and fasting blood samples provided data on possible risk factors. Logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, and possible confounders, and 2-way analysis of variance were used to assess associations.

Results  The only factors significantly associated with ARM included the 2 established risk factors, smoking and family history of ARMD (odds ratios, 4.1 and 4.2, for late ARMD, respectively), and the 2 variables, body mass index (odds ratio, 1.78 for obese compared with normal body mass index for early ARM) and plasma fibrinogen level (odds ratio, 6.7 for a fibrinogen level of >4.5 g/L [highest quartile] compared with a fibrinogen level of <3.4 g/L [lowest quartile] for late ARMD).

Conclusions  These findings support the concepts that associations exist between plasma fibrinogen levels and late ARMD, a body mass index outside the normal range, and early ARM, and between the family history and smoking and any ARM. We found no other significant associations with any history of cardiovascular disease or other risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

From the National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University (Dr Smith); the Departments of Ophthalmology (Drs Mitchell and Wang) and Public Health and Community Medicine (Dr Leeder), University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital (Drs Mitchell and Wang), Sydney, Australia.

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Direct and Indirect Effects of Visual Impairment on Mortality Risk in Older Persons: The Blue Mountains Eye Study
Karpa et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127:1347-1353.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Associated factors for age-related maculopathy in the adult population in southern India: the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study
Krishnaiah et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2009;93:1146-1150.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Novel Rat Model with Obesity-Associated Retinal Degeneration
Reddy et al.
IOVS 2009;50:3456-3463.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Combined Effects of Complement Factor H Genotypes, Fish Consumption, and Inflammatory Markers on Long-Term Risk for Age-related Macular Degeneration in a Cohort
Wang et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2009;169:633-641.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prospective Study of Incident Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Relation to Vigorous Physical Activity during a 7-Year Follow-up
Williams
IOVS 2009;50:101-106.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Changes in Abdominal Obesity and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Peeters et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126:1554-1560.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Circulating Inflammatory Markers and Hemostatic Factors in Age-Related Maculopathy: A Population-Based Case-Control Study
Wu et al.
IOVS 2007;48:1983-1988.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association Between Vitamin D and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 Through 1994
Parekh et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:661-669.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Subclinical Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a Multiracial Cohort: The Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Klein et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:534-543.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, Other Markers of Inflammation, and the Incidence of Macular Degeneration in Women
Schaumberg et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:300-305.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association between Circulating White Blood Cell Count and Long-Term Incidence of Age-related Macular Degeneration: The Blue Mountains Eye Study
Shankar et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:375-382.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Physical activity and the 15-year cumulative incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Beaver Dam Eye Study
Knudtson et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:1461-1463.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Plasma apolipoproteins and risk for age related maculopathy
Dashti et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:1028-1033.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Risk for Stroke
Wong et al.
ANN INTERN MED 2006;145:98-106.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effect of systemic hypertension on foveolar choroidal blood flow in age related macular degeneration.
Metelitsina et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:342-346.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors and the Presence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Cardiovascular Health Study
McGwin et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124:33-37.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Inflammatory Markers in Age-Related Maculopathy: Cross-sectional Analysis From the Muenster Aging and Retina Study
Dasch et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:1501-1506.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The relation between C reactive protein and age related macular degeneration in the Cardiovascular Health Study
McGwin et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:1166-1170.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Expression of LOX-1, an Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor, in Choroidal Neovascularization
Honjo et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:1873-1876.
FULL TEXT  

Macular Pigment and Percentage of Body Fat
Nolan et al.
IOVS 2004;45:3940-3950.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prospective Study of Intake of Fruits, Vegetables, Vitamins, and Carotenoids and Risk of Age-Related Maculopathy
Cho et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:883-892.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prevalence of Vitreoretinal Disorders in a Rural Population of Southern India: The Aravind Comprehensive Eye Study
Nirmalan et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:581-586.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Blood Pressure, Atherosclerosis, and the Incidence of Age-Related Maculopathy: The Rotterdam Study
van Leeuwen et al.
IOVS 2003;44:3771-3777.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Waist-Hip Ratio
Seddon et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:785-792.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of Emphysema, Gout, and Inflammatory Markers With Long-term Incidence of Age-Related Maculopathy
Klein et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:674-678.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Macular Pigment Density Is Reduced in Obese Subjects
Hammond et al.
IOVS 2002;43:47-50.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Risk Factors for Age-Related Maculopathy: The Visual Impairment Project
McCarty et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1455-1462.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Body Mass Index and the Incidence of Visually Significant Age-Related Maculopathy in Men
Schaumberg et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1259-1264.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Age-Related Maculopathy in a Randomized Trial of Low-Dose Aspirin Among US Physicians
Christen et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1143-1149.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Sunlight and the 5-Year Incidence of Early Age-Related Maculopathy: The Beaver Dam Eye Study
Cruickshanks et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:246-250.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hypertension, Cardiovascular Disease, and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Hyman et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:351-358.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dietary Fat and Fish Intake and Age-Related Maculopathy
Smith et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:401-404.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Genetic susceptibility to age related macular degeneration
Yates and Moore
J. Med. Genet. 2000;37:83-87.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Evaluating the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Glaucoma With Scanning Laser Polarimetry
Weinreb
Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:1403-1406.
FULL TEXT  

Prevalence of Age-related Maculopathy in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Klein et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:1203-1210.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT