You are seeing this message because your Web browser does not support basic Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing and what you can do to make your experience on this site better.


ABOUT ARCHIVES
Advanced Search

Welcome   | My Account | E-mail Alerts | Access Rights | Sign In


  Vol. 114 No. 10, October 1996 TABLE OF CONTENTS
  Archives
  •  Online Features
  ARTICLE
 This Article
 • Reply to article
 •Send to a friend
 • Save in My Folder
 •Save to citation manager
 •Permissions
 Citing Articles
 •Citation map
 •Citing articles on HighWire
 •Contact me when this article is cited
 Related Content
 •Similar articles in this journal

Age-related macular degeneration and smoking. The Rotterdam Study

J. R. Vingerling, A. Hofman, D. E. Grobbee and P. T. de Jong
Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical School, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relation between cigarette smoking and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a population of elderly persons. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, community-based study. SETTING: City district of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 6174 persons 55 years and older who participated in the Rotterdam Study. In 36 persons atrophic AMD and in 65 persons neovascular AMD were diagnosed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age-related macular degeneration was diagnosed by evaluating fundus transparencies, smoking behavior was identified by interviewing subjects, and the presence of atherosclerosis was assessed by the ankle-arm systolic blood pressure index. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In subjects younger than 85 years, current smokers had a 6.6-fold increased risk of neovascular AMD vs those who had never smoked (95% CI, 2.8-15.9). Former smokers had a 3.2-fold increased risk of neovascular AMD vs nonsmokers in this age group (95% CI, 1.4-7.4). These associations were not observed in subjects 85 years or older. Smoking was not associated with atrophic AMD. A strong increased risk of neovascular AMD was present in those who had smoked more than 10 pack-years (relative risk, 6.5; 95% CI, 2.9-14.8). Adjusting the results for atherosclerosis did not change the association. Persons who had quit smoking 20 or more years before the eye examination had no increased risk. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide evidence for a dose-response relationship between smoking and AMD, particularly in persons with the neovascular form of the disease.

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in an Elderly Chinese Population in Taiwan: The Shihpai Eye Study
Chen et al.
IOVS 2008;49:3126-3133.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Racial Differences and Other Risk Factors for Incidence and Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) Project
Chang et al.
IOVS 2008;49:2395-2402.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

HTRA1 Variants in Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Interactions with Smoking and CFH
Tam et al.
IOVS 2008;49:2357-2365.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Inhibition of Choroidal Neovascularization with an Anti-Inflammatory Carotenoid Astaxanthin
Izumi-Nagai et al.
IOVS 2008;49:1679-1685.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Diet and risk factors for age-related maculopathy
O'Connell et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87:712-722.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

MMP-14 and TIMP-2 Overexpression Protects against Hydroquinone-Induced Oxidant Injury in RPE: Implications for Extracellular Matrix Turnover
Alcazar et al.
IOVS 2007;48:5662-5670.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Macular Pigment Lutein Is Antiinflammatory in Preventing Choroidal Neovascularization
Izumi-Nagai et al.
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2007;27:2555-2562.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

SOD2 Knockdown Mouse Model of Early AMD
Justilien et al.
IOVS 2007;48:4407-4420.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Retinal Protein Modification by 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal
Ethen et al.
IOVS 2007;48:3469-3479.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Smoking and the Long-term Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Blue Mountains Eye Study
Tan et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:1089-1095.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Estrogen Receptor {alpha} Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Incident Aging Macula Disorder
Boekhoorn et al.
IOVS 2007;48:1012-1017.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Drusen, choroidal neovascularization, and retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction in SOD1-deficient mice: A model of age-related macular degeneration
Imamura et al.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006;103:11282-11287.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Smoking and age related macular degeneration: the number of pack years of cigarette smoking is a major determinant of risk for both geographic atrophy and choroidal neovascularisation
Khan et al.
Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2006;90:75-80.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

28 000 Cases of age related macular degeneration causing visual loss in people aged 75 years and above in the United Kingdom may be attributable to smoking
Evans et al.
Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2005;89:550-553.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Expression of LOX-1, an Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor, in Choroidal Neovascularization
Honjo et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:1873-1876.
FULL TEXT  

Extremely Discordant Sib-Pair Study Design to Determine Risk Factors for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
DeAngelis et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:575-580.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Smoking and blindness
Kelly et al.
BMJ 2004;328:537-538.
FULL TEXT  

Influence of Smoking on Predictors of Vascular Disease
Tsiara et al.
ANGIOLOGY 2003;54:507-530.
ABSTRACT  

Is Chlamydia pneumoniae infection a risk factor for age related macular degeneration?
Ishida et al.
Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2003;87:523-524.
FULL TEXT  

Relation between Size at Birth and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Hall et al.
IOVS 2002;43:3641-3645.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Smoking and the 5-Year Incidence of Age-Related Maculopathy: The Blue Mountains Eye Study
Mitchell et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2002;120:1357-1363.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Risk Factors for Age-Related Maculopathy: The Visual Impairment Project
McCarty et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1455-1462.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prevalence of age related maculopathy in a representative Japanese population: the Hisayama study
Oshima et al.
Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2001;85:1153-1157.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dietary Fat and Fish Intake and Age-Related Maculopathy
Smith et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:401-404.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Age-related Macular Degeneration and Antioxidant Status in the POLA Study
Delcourt et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:1384-1390.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Indocyanine green angiographic features prognostic of visual outcome in the natural course of patients with age related macular degeneration
Obana et al.
Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1999;83:429-437.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Genetic Risk of Age-related Maculopathy: Population-Based Familial Aggregation Study
Klaver et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116:1646-1651.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Smoking and Age-related Macular Degeneration: The POLA Study
Delcourt et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116:1031-1035.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Uncovering the effects of smoking: historical perspective
Doll
Stat Methods Med Res 1998;7:87-117.
ABSTRACT  

Smoking and neovascular form of age related macular degeneration in late middle aged males: findings from a case-control study in Japan
Tamakoshi et al.
Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1997;81:901-904.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  





HOME | CURRENT ISSUE | PAST ISSUES | TOPIC COLLECTIONS | CME | SUBMIT | SUBSCRIBE | HELP
CONDITIONS OF USE | PRIVACY POLICY | CONTACT US | SITE MAP
 
© 1996 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.