You are seeing this message because your Web browser does not support basic Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing and what you can do to make your experience on this site better.


ABOUT ARCHIVES
Advanced Search

Welcome   | My Account | E-mail Alerts | Access Rights | Sign In


  Vol. 110 No. 12, December 1992 TABLE OF CONTENTS
  Archives
  •  Online Features
  CLINICAL SCIENCES
 This Article
 •References
 •Full text PDF
 • Reply to article
 •Send to a friend
 • Save in My Folder
 •Save to citation manager
 •Permissions
 Citing Articles
 •Citation map
 •Citing articles on HighWire
 •Contact me when this article is cited
 Related Content
 •Similar articles in this journal
 Social Bookmarking
  Add to CiteULike Add to Connotea Add to Del.icio.us Add to Digg Add to Reddit Add to Technorati Add to Twitter What's this?

Risk Factors for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

The Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group

Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110(12):1701-1708.


Abstract

• Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of five retinal disorders studied in the Eye Disease CaseControl Study. Data were obtained from 421 patients with neovascular AMD and 615 controls on a broad array of possible risk factors through interviews, clinical examinations, and laboratory analyses of blood samples. Decreased risk of neovascular AMD was associated with higher levels of carotenoids in the serum samples, higher horizontal cup-to-disc ratios, and use of postmenopausal exogenous estrogens in women. Increased risk of neovascular AMD was associated with cigarette smoking, higher levels of serum cholesterol, and parity greater than zero. No support was found for sunlight exposure, serum zinc levels, or iris color as risk factors for this disease. Although no association was found with a history of cardiovascular disease itself, the associations with postmenopausal exogenous estrogen use, cigarette smoking, and serum cholesterol level are consistent with a hypothesis linking risk factors for cardiovascular disease with neovascular AMD. The association noted between serum carotenoid levels and neovascular AMD supports the hypothesis that higher levels of micronutrients with antioxidant capabilities may decrease the risk of AMD.



Author Affiliations

From the Biometry and Epidemiology Program, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Md. A complete list of investigators in the Eye Disease Case-Control Study appears at the end of this article.


Footnotes

Accepted for publication March 26, 1992.

Reprint requests to the Biometry and Epidemiology Program, National Eye Institute, Bldg 31, Room 6A24, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 (Dr Sperduto).



Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

The Reduction of Retinal Autofluorescence Caused by Light Exposure
Morgan et al.
IOVS 2009;50:6015-6022.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prospective Study of Incident Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Relation to Vigorous Physical Activity during a 7-Year Follow-up
Williams
IOVS 2009;50:101-106.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of Benzo(e)Pyrene, a Toxic Component of Cigarette Smoke, on Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells In Vitro
Sharma et al.
IOVS 2008;49:5111-5117.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Sunlight Exposure, Antioxidants, and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Fletcher et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126:1396-1403.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and eye disease
Lois et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2008;92:1304-1310.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hospitalized Cardiovascular Diseases in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Nguyen-Khoa et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126:1280-1286.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The rationale and evidence base for a protective role of macular pigment in age-related maculopathy
Loane et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2008;92:1163-1168.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Racial Differences and Other Risk Factors for Incidence and Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) Project
Chang et al.
IOVS 2008;49:2395-2402.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Estrogen Receptor Alpha and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Polymorphisms and Age-related Maculopathy in Older Women
Seitzman et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2008;167:1217-1225.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Age-related maculopathy and sunlight exposure evaluated by objective measurement
Hirakawa et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2008;92:630-634.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Menopausal and Reproductive Factors and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Feskanich et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126:519-524.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Diet and risk factors for age-related maculopathy
O'Connell et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87:712-722.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Further Observations on the Association Between Smoking and the Long-term Incidence and Progression of Age-related Macular Degeneration: The Beaver Dam Eye Study
Klein et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126:115-121.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Eicosapentaenoic Acid Is Anti-Inflammatory in Preventing Choroidal Neovascularization in Mice
Koto et al.
IOVS 2007;48:4328-4334.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Ethnic Differences in Macular Pigment Density and Distribution
Wolf-Schnurrbusch et al.
IOVS 2007;48:3783-3787.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Inhibition of Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization by Atorvastatin by Downregulation of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Synthesis in Mice
Yamada et al.
IOVS 2007;48:1839-1843.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Estrogen Receptor {alpha} Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Incident Aging Macula Disorder
Boekhoorn et al.
IOVS 2007;48:1012-1017.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Relationships between Macular Pigment Optical Density and Its Constituent Carotenoids in Diet and Serum
Nolan et al.
IOVS 2007;48:571-582.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Chronic Ingestion of (3R,3'R,6'R)-Lutein and (3R,3'R)-Zeaxanthin in the Female Rhesus Macaque
Khachik et al.
IOVS 2006;47:5476-5486.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Physical activity and the 15-year cumulative incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Beaver Dam Eye Study
Knudtson et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:1461-1463.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Plasma apolipoproteins and risk for age related maculopathy
Dashti et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:1028-1033.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Macular Pigment: A Review of Current Knowledge
Whitehead et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124:1038-1045.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dose-dependent effect of pitavastatin on VEGF and angiogenesis in a mouse model of choroidal neovascularization.
Zambarakji et al.
IOVS 2006;47:2623-2631.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Violet and blue light blocking intraocular lenses: photoprotection versus photoreception
Mainster
Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:784-792.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dietary glycemic index and carbohydrate in relation to early age-related macular degeneration.
Chiu et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83:880-886.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Age related macular degeneration and sun exposure, iris colour, and skin sensitivity to sunlight
Khan et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:29-32.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Smoking and age related macular degeneration: the number of pack years of cigarette smoking is a major determinant of risk for both geographic atrophy and choroidal neovascularisation
Khan et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:75-80.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor associated with accumulation of lipids in Bruch's membrane of LDL receptor knockout mice
Rudolf et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:1627-1630.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hypertensive retinopathy revisited: some answers, more questions
Grosso et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:1646-1654.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Inflammatory Markers in Age-Related Maculopathy: Cross-sectional Analysis From the Muenster Aging and Retina Study
Dasch et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:1501-1506.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The relation between C reactive protein and age related macular degeneration in the Cardiovascular Health Study
McGwin et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:1166-1170.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A study of the relation between body mass index and the incidence of age related macular degeneration
Moeini et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:964-966.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Prospective Assessment of C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin 6, and Other Cardiovascular Biomarkers
Seddon et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:774-782.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

28 000 Cases of age related macular degeneration causing visual loss in people aged 75 years and above in the United Kingdom may be attributable to smoking
Evans et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:550-553.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamins C and E Reduce Retinal Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide Metabolites and Prevent Ultrastructural Alterations in Porcine Hypercholesterolemia
Fernandez-Robredo et al.
IOVS 2005;46:1140-1146.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Retina expresses microsomal triglyceride transfer protein: implications for age-related maculopathy
Li et al.
J. Lipid Res. 2005;46:628-640.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Intraocular Lenses Should Block UV Radiation and Violet but Not Blue Light
Mainster
Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:550-555.
FULL TEXT  

Oxidant-Induced Apoptosis in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: Dependence on Extracellular Redox State
Jiang et al.
IOVS 2005;46:1054-1061.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The US Twin Study of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Relative Roles of Genetic and Environmental Influences
Seddon et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:321-327.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Nutritional Manipulation of Primate Retinas, I: Effects of Lutein or Zeaxanthin Supplements on Serum and Macular Pigment in Xanthophyll-Free Rhesus Monkeys
Neuringer et al.
IOVS 2004;45:3234-3243.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Lutein Bioavailability Is Higher from Lutein-Enriched Eggs than from Supplements and Spinach in Men
Chung et al.
J. Nutr. 2004;134:1887-1893.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Sunlight and the 10-Year Incidence of Age-Related Maculopathy: The Beaver Dam Eye Study
Tomany et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:750-757.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Extremely Discordant Sib-Pair Study Design to Determine Risk Factors for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
DeAngelis et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:575-580.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prevalence of Vitreoretinal Disorders in a Rural Population of Southern India: The Aravind Comprehensive Eye Study
Nirmalan et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:581-586.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association Between C-Reactive Protein and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Seddon et al.
JAMA 2004;291:704-710.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Transcriptional Regulation and Expression of the Dominant Drusen Gene FBLN3 (EFEMP1) in Mammalian Retina
Blackburn et al.
IOVS 2003;44:4613-4621.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of Isometric Exercise on Subfoveal Choroidal Blood Flow in Smokers and Nonsmokers
Wimpissinger et al.
IOVS 2003;44:4859-4863.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Blood Pressure, Atherosclerosis, and the Incidence of Age-Related Maculopathy: The Rotterdam Study
van Leeuwen et al.
IOVS 2003;44:3771-3777.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Relationship between Refraction and Prevalent as well as Incident Age-Related Maculopathy: The Rotterdam Study
Ikram et al.
IOVS 2003;44:3778-3782.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Estrogen Protects the Inner Retina from Apoptosis and Ischemia-Induced Loss of Vesl-1L/Homer 1c Immunoreactive Synaptic Connections
Kaja et al.
IOVS 2003;44:3155-3162.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Waist-Hip Ratio
Seddon et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:785-792.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of Emphysema, Gout, and Inflammatory Markers With Long-term Incidence of Age-Related Maculopathy
Klein et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:674-678.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Is Chlamydia pneumoniae infection a risk factor for age related macular degeneration?
Ishida et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:523-524.
FULL TEXT  

Estrogens Reduce the Expression of YKL-40 in the Retina: Implications for Eye and Joint Diseases
Rakic et al.
IOVS 2003;44:1740-1746.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Risk factors for age related maculopathy in a Japanese population: the Hisayama study
Miyazaki et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:469-472.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Female Gender, Estrogen Loss, and Sub-RPE Deposit Formation in Aged Mice
Cousins et al.
IOVS 2003;44:1221-1229.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Regulation of Estrogen Receptors and MMP-2 Expression by Estrogens in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Marin-Castano et al.
IOVS 2003;44:50-59.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Gottlieb
JAMA 2002;288:2233-2236.
FULL TEXT  

Transformations of Selected Carotenoids in Plasma, Liver, and Ocular Tissues of Humans and in Nonprimate Animal Models
Khachik et al.
IOVS 2002;43:3383-3392.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Elevated Retinal Zeaxanthin and Prevention of Light-Induced Photoreceptor Cell Death in Quail
Thomson et al.
IOVS 2002;43:3538-3549.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Relation of blood homocysteine and its nutritional determinants to age-related maculopathy in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Heuberger et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002;76:897-902.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Ten-Year Incidence of Age-related Maculopathy and Smoking and Drinking: The Beaver Dam Eye Study
Klein et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2002;156:589-598.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Knowledge about cataract, glaucoma, and age related macular degeneration in the Hong Kong Chinese population
Lau et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86:1080-1084.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Refractive Errors and 10-Year Incidence of Age-Related Maculopathy
Wong et al.
IOVS 2002;43:2869-2873.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Visual impairment and blindness in Europe and their prevention
Kocur and Resnikoff
Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86:716-722.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effect of Dietary Zeaxanthin on Tissue Distribution of Zeaxanthin and Lutein in Quail
Toyoda et al.
IOVS 2002;43:1210-1221.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Body of Evidence to Support a Protective Role for Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Delaying Chronic Disease. Overview
Mares-Perlman et al.
J. Nutr. 2002;132:518S-524.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Relation between dietary intake, serum concentrations, and retinal concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin in adults in a Midwest population
Curran-Celentano et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001;74:796-802.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Relationship of Dietary Fat to Age-Related Maculopathy in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Heuberger et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1833-1838.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Monoclonal Antibody-Mediated Drug Targeting to Choroidal Neovascularization in the Rat
Kamizuru et al.
IOVS 2001;42:2664-2672.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Risk Factors for Age-Related Maculopathy: The Visual Impairment Project
McCarty et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1455-1462.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Light Exposure and the Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Pathologies Oculaires Liees a l'Age (POLA) Study
Delcourt et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1463-1468.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Body Mass Index and the Incidence of Visually Significant Age-Related Maculopathy in Men
Schaumberg et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1259-1264.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Age-Related Maculopathy in a Randomized Trial of Low-Dose Aspirin Among US Physicians
Christen et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1143-1149.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dietary Fat and Risk for Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Seddon et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1191-1199.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effects of Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein E on Retinal Abnormalities in ApoE-Deficient Mice
Ong et al.
IOVS 2001;42:1891-1900.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Presence of oestrogen receptor type {beta} in human retina
Munaut et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:877-882.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Macular Pigment Optical Density before and after Cataract Extraction
Ciulla et al.
IOVS 2001;42:1338-1341.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Zinc and the Eye
Grahn et al.
J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2001;20:106-118.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Lutein and Zeaxanthin in the Diet and Serum and Their Relation to Age-related Maculopathy in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Marse-Perlman et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:424-432.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Reflections on Sex-Related Risk of Eye Disease
Klein
Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:428-429.
FULL TEXT  

Macular Pigment and Risk for Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Subjects from a Northern European Population
Beatty et al.
IOVS 2001;42:439-446.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Fruits and Vegetables Increase Plasma Carotenoids and Vitamins and Decrease Homocysteine in Humans
Broekmans et al.
J. Nutr. 2000;130:1578-1583.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Macular Pigment Optical Density in a Southwestern Sample
Hammond and Caruso–Avery
IOVS 2000;41:1492-1497.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prospective Study of Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Cho et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:681-688.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hypertension, Cardiovascular Disease, and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Hyman et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:351-358.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dietary Fat and Fish Intake and Age-Related Maculopathy
Smith et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:401-404.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Fine et al.
NEJM 2000;342:483-492.
FULL TEXT  

Choroidal Laser Doppler Flowmetry in Healthy Subjects
Straubhaar et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:211-215.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): A First Step in the Development of Perfect Hormone Replacement Therapy Regimen
McDonnell
Reproductive Sciences 2000;7:S10-S15.
ABSTRACT  

Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy and Neovascularized Age-related Macular Degeneration
Yannuzzi et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:1503-1510.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Age-related Macular Degeneration and Antioxidant Status in the POLA Study
Delcourt et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:1384-1390.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

TIMP-3 in Bruch’s Membrane: Changes during Aging and in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Kamei and Hollyfield
IOVS 1999;40:2367-2375.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Macular pigment and age related macular degeneration
BEATTY et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:867-877.
FULL TEXT  

Genetic Risk of Age-related Maculopathy: Population-Based Familial Aggregation Study
Klaver et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116:1646-1651.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Case-control study of the risk factors for age related macular degeneration
Chaine et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:996-1002.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Smoking and Age-related Macular Degeneration: The POLA Study
Delcourt et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116:1031-1035.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Age-related Macular Degeneration: Clinical Features in a Large Family and Linkage to Chromosome 1q
Klein et al.
Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116:1082-1088.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Bilateral involvement by age related maculopathy lesions in a population
Wang et al.
Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:743-747.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  





HOME | CURRENT ISSUE | PAST ISSUES | TOPIC COLLECTIONS | CME | SUBMIT | SUBSCRIBE | HELP
CONDITIONS OF USE | PRIVACY POLICY | CONTACT US | SITE MAP
 
© 1992 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.